“…To meet the rising energy need, the search for new energy sources and easily fabricated photovoltaic devices has recently been of paramount importance. Solar light energy is the clean, most abundant, sustainable, and inexpensive source among the available renewable sources. − Photovoltaic devices have attracted great interest in achieving efficient solar energy utilization due to their effective solar energy to electrical energy conversion efficiency. − However, the photovoltaic performance of photovoltaic devices (DSSCs) significantly depends on the properties of the photoanode materials and their structure. ,,, Till today, numerous semiconductors (ZnO, TiO 2 , Zn 2 SnO 4 , and SnO 2 ) have been used as photoanode materials to drive reactions in solar cells. − Due to its specific properties such as nontoxicity and strong chemical stability, TiO 2 is considered one of the capable photocatalyst candidates. , However, due to the wide band gap (3.0–3.2 eV), TiO 2 can absorb only ultraviolet light from the solar spectrum. Thus, out of the total light available from the solar spectrum, TiO 2 absorbs only 4–5% incident light, while nearly 43% of the visible light in the solar energy is wasted .…”