Effect of Paclobutrazol Application on Enhancing the Efficacy of Nitenpyram against the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

Abstract

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is one of the most destructive rice pests in Asia. It has already developed a high level of resistance to many commonly used insecticides including nitenpyram (NIT), which is a main synthetic insecticide that is used to control BPH with a much shorter persistence compared to other neonicotinoid insecticides. Recently, we found that an exogenous supplement of paclobutrazol (PZ) could significantly enhance the efficacy of NIT against BPH, and the molecular mechanism underlying this synergistic effect was explored. The results showed that the addition of a range of 150–300 mg/L PZ increased the toxicity of NIT against BPH with the highest mortalities of 78.0–87.0% on the 16th day after treatments, and PZ could also significantly prolong the persistence of the NIT efficacies. Further investigation suggested that PZ directly increased the content of flavonoids and H2O2 in rice and increased the activity of polyphenol oxidase, which might be involved in the constitutive defense of rice in advance. Additionally, there was an interaction between PZ and BPH infestation, indicating that PZ might activate the host defense responses. Therefore, PZ increased the efficacy of NIT against the brown planthoppers by enhancing the constitutive and inducible defense responses of rice. Our study showed for the first time that PZ could contribute to improving the control effects of insecticides via inducing the defense responses in rice plants against BPH, which provided an important theoretical basis for developing novel pest management strategies in the field.

Sublethal and Transgenerational Effects of Nitenpyram on <em>Acyrthosiphon gossypii </em>and Its Impacts on Symbiotic Bacteria

“…Nitenpyram is a second-generation neonicotinoid insecticide developed and commercialized by Takeda Agro [7][8][9]. Nitenpyram acts on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), and it has a nerve-blocking effect on synaptic receptors in the central nervous system of insects, thereby achieving insecticidal effects [10], Nitenpyram has been widely used in the prevention and control of piercingsucking mouthpart pests such as Aphis gossypii [11], Nilaparvata lugens [12], Bemisia tabaci [7]. However, Disclaimer/Publisher's Note: The statements, opinions, and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s).…”