Effect of partial dietary replacement of fishmeal by yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae meal on the innate immune response and intestinal antioxidant enzymes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Replacement of Fish Meal by Defatted Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) Larvae in Diet Improves Growth Performance and Disease Resistance in Red Seabream (Pargus major)

“…In addition to the results with other insect species mentioned above, the dietary intake of MW is known to have immunostimulating activity in fish [15,16,17]. Moreover, a 7.5% MW inclusion was reported to enhance Vibrio harveyi resistance in juvenile pearl gentian grouper [12].…”

“…A low inclusion of housefly ( Musca domestica ) pupae increased phagocytic activity and disease resistance against Edwardsiella tarda in red seabream ( Pargus major ) [14]. Dietary inclusion of MW is also known to increase the enzyme activities of the immune systems of European seabass [15], rainbow trout [16], mandarin fish ( Siniperca scherzeri ) [17], and pearl gentian grouper [12].…”

The Dipterose of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Induces Innate Immune Response through Toll-Like Receptor Pathway in Mouse Macrophage RAW264.7 Cells

“…Dietary inclusion of dried housefly ( Musca domestica ) pupa [25] and defatted yellow mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor ) [26] has been shown to increase disease resistance against pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda in red seabream ( Pagrus major ). Yellow mealworm is also known to increase the enzyme activities of the immune systems of European seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) [27], rainbow trout [28], mandarin fish ( Siniperca scherzeri ) [29], and pearl gentian grouper ( Epinephelus lanceolatus × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ) [30]. Our previous studies showed that bioactive polysaccharides from the melon fly ( Bactrocera cucurbitae ) [5], Japanese oak silkmoth ( Antheraea yamamai ) [6], and silkmoth ( Bombyx mori ) [7] successfully prevent bacterial diseases via the activation of innate immunity.…”

Beyond the protein concept: health aspects of using edible insects on animals

“…In fish, only two studies have shown no effect of dietary insects on the immune system of fish (Mikołajczak et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2019). All other studies, concerning dietary inclusion of whole chironomid larvae or meals from HI, TM or MD, showed modulation of the fish immune system through a more rapid or increased antibacterial complement activity (Henry et al, 2018b;Ming et al, 2013), increased lysozyme (Ming et al, 2013;Pei et al, 2019;Sankian et al, 2018;Su et al, 2017), increased phagocytic activity (Ido et al, 2015) and increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in rainbow trout (Henry et al, 2018b), but decreased MPO in European sea bass (Henry et al, 2018a), increased trypsin-inhibition (Henry et al, 2018a,b), increased alkaline phosphatase (Pei et al, 2019), increased IgM titres (Su et al, 2017), increased proliferation and apoptotic indexes of the proximal intestine (Ostazewska et al, 2011) and stimulation of T-cells (Li et al, 2019). As for the expression of the genes involved in immunity, and cytokines in particular, dietary insects induced an upregulation of hepcidin, major histocompatibility complex II (Su et al, 2017), HSP70 (Cardinaletti et al, 2019;Li et al, 2017a;Zarantoniello et al, 2018) pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)1β, IL17F, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α and IL6 expression (Foysal et al, 2019;Zarantoniello et al, 2018) anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL10 (Foysal et al, 2019), IL2, a cytokine which contributes to the differentiation of T-cells (Su et al, 2017), while HSP-70 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL1β were down-regulated in swamp eel (Xiang et al, 2019).…”

“…As for the expression of the genes involved in immunity, and cytokines in particular, dietary insects induced an upregulation of hepcidin, major histocompatibility complex II (Su et al, 2017), HSP70 (Cardinaletti et al, 2019;Li et al, 2017a;Zarantoniello et al, 2018) pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)1β, IL17F, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α and IL6 expression (Foysal et al, 2019;Zarantoniello et al, 2018) anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL10 (Foysal et al, 2019), IL2, a cytokine which contributes to the differentiation of T-cells (Su et al, 2017), while HSP-70 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL1β were down-regulated in swamp eel (Xiang et al, 2019). Some studies have shown no effect of dietary insects on inflammation or on the expression of inflammation-related cytokines (Henry et al, 2018b;Li et al, 2020;Stenberg et al, 2019), but inflammation has been observed to decrease in European sea bass, as suggested by the ceruloplasmin activity (Henry et al, 2018a). Dietary insects certainly affect the cytokines related to the inflammatory response, but this effect was not found to be consistent between fish species, and it is somewhat difficult to define their precise role.…”