Effect of phytochemical-filled microcapsules with antifungal activity on material properties and dimensional accuracy of denture base resin for three-dimensional printing

Abstract

Background Studies on the material properties and dimensional accuracy of three-dimensionally (3D) printed denture base containing microcapsules with antifungal phytochemicals are lacking. Methods Two types of phytochemicals (phytoncide A and B) with antifungal activity were microencapsulated. The 3D-printed denture base specimens with minimum and maximum effective concentrations of microcapsules (6 and 8 wt% for phytoncide A; 15 and 25 wt% for phytoncide B) were prepared. The morphological changes of C. albicans on 3D-printed denture base with microcapsules was microscopically observed. The degree of conversion of 3D-printed denture base with microcapsules investigated. The microhardness and flexural strength values were also measured to evaluate the mechanical properties of 3D-printed denture bases. The dimensional accuracy (trueness) of the specimens with microcapsules was measured as root-mean-square values (RMS) for the whole, upper, and side surfaces of the specimens as well as their total height. For the degree of conversion, microhardness, and flexural strength values, the Kruskal–Wallis analysis and a post-hoc comparison using Mann–Whitney U test was performed. For the analysis of trueness (RMS), the one-way analysis of variance and a post-hoc comparison using Tukey’s method was conducted (α = 0.05). Results At both maximum and minimum effective concentrations of microcapsules, cell surface disruption or membrane breakdown of fungal cells were observed in the specimens. The groups with microcapsules (both phytoncide A- and B-filled) showed significantly lower microhardness and elastic modulus values than the control group (all, P = 0.001). For the trueness, all the RMS values of the whole, upper, and side surfaces of the specimens with microcapsules were less than 100 µm, although significantly higher than those without (all, P = 0.001). The mean flexural strength values of the groups with phytoncide A-filled microcapsule were higher than 65 MPa, not statistically different from that of the control group (all, P > 0.05). However, the groups with phytoncide B-filled microcapsules showed significantly lower values than the control (all, P = 0.001). Conclusions Within the limitations of this in-vitro study, the 3D-printed denture base containing 6 wt% of phytoncide A-filled microcapsules was clinically acceptable in terms of antifungal activity, dimensional accuracy, and flexural strength.

Feasibility of microencapsulated phytochemical as disinfectant for inhibition of Candida albicans proliferation on denture base produced by digital light processing

“…albicans adhesion or proliferation of colonies on the surface of 3D-printed denture base. The presence of phytochemical-filled microcapsules significantly reduced fungal cell adhesion and inhibited cell proliferation on the surfaces of denture base, which was consistent with previous studies [ 21 , 22 ]. At a certain concentration of phytochemical-filled microcapsules, the 3D-printed denture base showed significant antifungal activity against C .…”

“…To fabricate the phytochemical-filled microcapsules, a phytoncide oil was extracted from Pinus densiflora (Cleandiox Ltd., Gyeonggi-do, Korea) and incorporated into microcapsules using melamine-based polymers, as reported in a previous study [ 21 ]. The phytochemical-filled microcapsules were mixed with a 3D-printable denture-base resin (NextDent Denture 3D+, Vertex Dental BV, Soesterberg, Netherlands), at a concentration of 5wt% [ 22 ]. A dispersant (DISPERBYK-111, BYK-Chemie, Wesel, Germany) was also added at 20wt% of the mass (g) of microcapsules to the microcapsule-printable resin mixture for uniform dispersion.…”

“…The 3D-printed denture base containing phytoncide-filled microcapsules showed sufficient antifungal activities, inhibiting proliferation of C . albicans , while satisfying the clinical requirements in terms of mechanical properties and fabrication trueness [ 22 ].…”

Prospects on Tuning Bioactive and Antimicrobial Denture Base Resin Materials: A Narrative Review

“…For the antifungal properties, DBR containing 6 wt.% of type A and 15 wt.% of type B phytoncide microcapsules revealed a significant reduction against C. albicans growth [ 65 ]. The same authors in another study demonstrated that incorporating 6 wt.% of type A and 15 wt.% of type B phytoncide microcapsules into DBR was associated with a significant reduction in the flexural strength, elastic modulus, and microhardness of the DBR materials [ 66 ]. Such observations may suggest the need for more characterization of this compound to be functionalized into DBRs without compromising the mechanical properties.…”

“…DBR containing 6 wt.% of type A and 15 wt.% of type B phytoncide microcapsules revealed a significant reduction against C. albicans growth [ 65 ], but the mechanical and physical properties were negatively affected [ 66 ]…”