Effect of phytoplasma infection on the activity of peroxidase, β-1,3 glucanase and chitinase in corn plants

Abstract

In the present work we studied the effect of inoculating corn plants with the maize bushy stunt phytoplasma on the activity of the enzymes peroxidase, -1,3 glucanase and chitinase. The experiments were ca rried ou t inside a greenhou se. Pla nts of a resistant a nd a susceptible corn hybrid were inoculated by using infective Dalbulus maidis leafhoppers 10 days after sowing. When symptoms started to appear, leaf samples were collected at different periods to quantify enzyme activity. The resu lts showed a n increa se in the activity of Junqueira, A.C.B.; Bedendo, I.P.; Pascholati, S.F. Effect of phytoplasma infection on activity of peroxidase, -1,3 glucanase and chitinase in corn plants. Summa Phytopathologica, v.37, n.4, p.194-198, 2011. the three enzymes in inoculated plants of both hybrids. In genera l, the values observed for the level of the different enzymes were higher in the susceptible hybrid when compared to the resistant one. Thus, the increases in peroxidase, -1,3 glucanase and chitina se levels in inocula ted pla nts are evidence of cha nges in the host meta bolism ca used by the phytopla sma . On the other hand, since the increases could not be correlated with plant resistance further studies are needed to explain such changes.Keywords: maize stunt, pr-protein, Mollicutes, yellows. ABSTRACTJunqueira, A.C.B.; Bedendo, I.P.; Pascholati, S.F. Efeito da infecção de fitoplasma sobre a atividade de peroxidase, -1,3 glucanase e quitinase em plantas de milho. Summa Phytopathologica, v.37, n.4, p.194-198, 2011. RESUMOPalavras-chave adicionais: enfezamento do milho, pr-proteína, Mollicutes, amarelos Phytoplasmas are associated with important diseases in several hundreds of plant species (19). Although well known as pathogens, little information is available concerning biochemical and physiological changes that occur in infected plants. Some reports have shown that the association between plants and phytoplasmas can result in changes in compounds present in plant tissue, but basically few ones are found related to the activities of peroxidases, -1,3 glucanases and chitinases in these interactions. In corn hybrids infected with maize bushy stunt phytoplasma, changes were observed in protein, reducing sugar, phenolic compound and chlorophyll content (12). Corn plants inoculated with phytoplasma and spiroplasma agents of corn stunt showed lower protein content than non-inoculated plants (24). In plants of tobacco and Catharanthus roseus infected with phytoplasmas accumulation of carbohydrates in the leaves and lower levels in the roots of the same plants were observed (15).Maize bushy stunt has caused significant damage to corn crops in Brazil, reaching high levels of incidence and losses (18; 25). Thus, a comparative analysis revealed a yield reduction of up to 30% in fields without treatment insecticide for control of the vector (18). In some fields naturally infected, incidences of almost 100% were observed, resulting in total losses for the crop (25). Typical symptoms are foliar reddening, shortening ...

Differences in Gene Expression of Pear Selections Showing Leaf Curling or Leaf Reddening Symptoms Due to Pear Decline Phytoplasma

“…Class III chitinases display substantial lysozyme activity with a probable direct anti-bacterial action [ 13 ], and PAL activity results in the eventual production of a wide range of phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, anthocyanins and lignins, all of which have anti-microbial activity [ 42 ]. A class III chitinase gene was up-regulated in maize leaves infected by MBS phytoplasma [ 15 ] and grapevine leaves infected by BN phytoplasma [ 11 ], and a PAL gene was up-regulated in grapevine leaves infected with Ca. P. solani [ 43 ] and tomato leaves infected Ca.…”

“…Up-regulation of phloem protein 2 (PP2) in the phloem of apple proliferation (AP)-infected apple was linked with leaf discoloration [ 12 ]. Alcohol dehydrogenase is involved in alcohol utilization under hypoxic conditions, which occur during phytoplasma infection [ 10 ], class III chitinase can digest cell walls of bacteria that would likely not directly affect phytoplasmas as they lack cell walls [ 13 , 14 , 15 ], PAL catalyzes the first step of the phenylpropanoid pathway to synthesize many antimicrobial defence compounds and increased PAL activity has been associated with increased phenolic compounds in the phloem [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], and phloem proteins ( PP ) 1 and 2 physically limit pathogen spread by plugging sieve pores in the phloem as well as synthesizing and modulating systemic signals, such as cytosolic Ca 2+ , contributing to innate immunity [ 12 ].…”

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ (16SrI-B alt grup) ile infekteli marul (Lactuca sativa L.)’da biyokimyasal değişimler

“…5, p≤0.05). Similarly, Junqueira et al (2011) reported that phytoplasma infection in the maize plants resulted in a significant increase in POD and CAT enzymes. Catalase is also one of the essential enzymes capable of protecting biological systems against free radical attack (Ighodaro and Akinloye, 2018) and is the most effective enzyme, which reduces H2O2 into H2O and O2 (Mhamdi et al, 2010;Alam et al, 2014;Veronica et al, 2017).…”

Efeito do estádio de desenvolvimento da planta e densidade populacional do inseto vetor, >i<Dalbulus maidis>/i< (DeLong & Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), sobre a transmissão e danos do fitoplasma do milho

“…Existe ampla literatura sobre os mecanismos de patogenicidade de fitoplasmas. A infecção por esses microrganismos afeta a homeostase de nutrientes (Van Bel and Musetti 2019; Raiesi and Golmohammadi 2020) e provoca mudanças bioquímicas na planta, como evidenciado para MBSP (Junqueira et al 2004(Junqueira et al , 2011. A regulação da expressão de genes associados à síntese de fitohormônios tem sido evidenciada (Dermastia 2019).…”