Effect of pineapple stem starch feeding on rumen microbial fermentation, blood lipid profile, and growth performance of fattening cattle

Abstract

Corn and cassava are readily available and are the most popular starch sources in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries. However, the cost of these starch sources has risen due to increasing interest in their use for animal feed, especially in ruminant livestock. Indeed, corn and cassava as ruminant feed ingredients have become highly competitive (Wanapat et al., 2012). On the other hand, byproducts of agricultural and pharmaceutical industries have replaced some corn and cassava recently. One such byproduct is pineapple stem starch (PS), the residue from the extraction of bromelain enzyme, which is mainly intended for pharmaceutical use. PS is high in starch content, in particular, amylose, compared with corn and cassava (Nakthong et al., 2017). The availability of PS in terms of amount and price may allow this material to be applied to animal feed as an alternative cost effective energy source to corn and cassava. However, no detailed evaluation in relation to demand and impact on the feed market has been made for potential application of PS to ruminant livestock, in particular, fattening cattle, the main target of such new starch sources. Ruminal hydrolysis of a starchy diet is not simply a process by which ⍺−1, 4 and 1, 6 linkages are cleaved by amylase enzymes, as other factors besides starch breakdown exist. In fact, among the many starch sources available as a concentrate ingredient, considerable variations exist in chemical and physical characteristics including proportions of amylose and amylopectin, starch-associated lipids and proteins, and size of starch granules (Stevnebo et al., 2009; Svihus et al., 2005), all of which affect the rate and extent of starch hydrolysis and fermentation in the rumen. Therefore, all of these factors need to be considered, especially when a new starch source is evaluated. One of the most important measures in the evaluation of starch sources is the response of rumen microbes and associated

Effect of Starch Source in Concentrate Diets and of Days on Feed on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, and Economic Return of Feedlot Steers

“…In our previous study, the PS contained in the diet did not affected rumen pH but increased total SCFA, ADG, and weight gain. The current study showed that PS tended to produce a higher ADG than for GC (Khongpradit et al 2020). Animal weight gain is usually due to the ingestion of nutrients that are subsequently digested in the gut; thus, feed e ciency is based on the properties of the feed ingredients (Svihus et al 2005, Stevnebø et al 2009).…”

“…The fermentation products formed due to the interaction between the microbes and the diet produced SCFA, lactic acid, or other organic acids that resulted in a decreased ruminal pH and this may affect ruminal health (Castillo-González et al 2014). Notably, in our previous study, a diet rich in pineapple stem starch resulted in a normal range in ruminal pH (Khongpradit et al 2020). Thus, it is suggested that PS at a high ratio has potential for use as a soluble carbohydrate source in the diet of a ruminant without a risk to the animal's health.…”

“…Our previous study found that feedlot steers fed a concentrate diet containing 40% PS as an energy source had an increased amount of ruminal total shortchain fatty acid (SCFA) and ruminal amylolytic group bacteria. In addition, Ruminococcus bromii was dominant among the microbial communities, resulting in improved steer growth performance (Khongpradit et al 2020).…”

The Effects of Using Pineapple Stem Starch as an Alternative Starch Source and Ageing Period on Meat Quality, Texture Profile, Ribonucleotide Content, and Fatty Acid Composition of Longissimus Thoracis of Fattening Dairy Steers

“…Frozen 1.5-cm-thick subsamples from 14 and 21 days post-mortem were pulverized through cryogenic grinding using a micro-Waring Blender (50-250 mL). One gram of the pulverized muscle sample was homogenized in 6 mL of cold 0.6 M perchloric acid at 23,000 g for 10 s (T25 Ultra-Turrax ® , Ika, Staufen, Germany) according to [15]. After cooling for 15 min, the homogenate was neutralized with 5.4 mL of 0.8 M KOH and 0.25 mL of KH 2 PO 4 buffer.…”

“…(2020) [15] reported the higher degradability of PI starch in the rumen resulting in higher weight gain, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio in PI-fed steers compared to COand CA-fed steers. However, the different sources of starch in the concentrate ration did not affect the intramuscular fat content, as indicated by the similar amount of total fatty acids in the present study.…”