“…In the past, zeolitic catalysts have been extensively applied in pollution control, petroleum refining, and petrochemicals because of the acidities and pore structures of diverse zeolites . ZSM-5 is the most widely used active component and has been extensively used in catalytic reactions such as aromatization, alkylation, cracking, and isomerization of hydrocarbons because of its acidity, large surface area, and special three-dimensional pore structure. , The excellent catalytic performance of ZSM-5 has attracted extensive research in catalytic cracking to light olefins, where gaseous feedstocks, naphtha range, and heavy feedstocks can be used as different types of industrial feeds for the catalytic cracking reaction. − Researchers also found that propylene yield can be increased by modifying ZSM-5 because acidity plays an important role in determining alkane conversion and product distribution . The major methods for acidity modification of ZSM-5 are through alkali treatment, phosphorus, alkaline earth metals (Na, Mg, K, and Ca), and rare earth metals (La and Ce) .…”