“…As a result, the definition and inclusion criteria for preoperative opioid exposure are widely variable across existing studies. In addition, studies assessing preoperative opioid exposure are constrained by the granularity of the data set; there are often insufficient data to precisely measure a patient’s duration and dose of opioid use in commercial payor and administrative claims databases 9. Due to limited data granularity, it is difficult to identify and investigate meaningful subgroups among opioid-exposed patients—for example, what cumulative or daily preoperative dosage constitutes high, medium, or low exposure.…”