Effect of Probiotics on Host-Microbiota in Bacterial Infections

Abstract

Diseases caused by bacteria cause millions of deaths every year. In addition, the problem of resistance to antibiotics is so serious that it threatens the achievements of modern medicine. This is a very important global problem as some bacteria can also develop persistence. Indeed, the persistence of pathogenic bacteria has evolved as a potent survival strategy to overcome host organisms’ defense mechanisms. Additionally, chronic or persistent infections may be caused by persisters which could facilitate antibiotic resistance. Probiotics are considered good bacteria. It has been described that the modulation of gut microbiota by probiotics could have a great potential to counteract the deleterious impact and/or regulate gut microbiota after bacterial infection. Probiotics might provide health benefits through the inhibition of pathogen growth or the replacement of pathogenic bacteria. Bearing in mind that current strategies to avoid bacterial persistence and prevent antibiotic resistance are not effective, other strategies need to be assessed. We have carried out a comprehensive review, which included the reported literature between 2016 and 2021, highlighting the clinical trials that reported the probiotics’ potential to regulate gut microbiota after bacterial infection and focusing in particular on the context of antibiotic resistance and persister cells.

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Drug Resistance Development and Novel Strategies to Combat

“… 159 Probiotics are crucial bacteria having significant importance to the host, form a symbiotic relationship with the host and when properly ingested. 160 Enhanced epithelial barrier, enhanced intestinal mucosal adhesion, inhibition of microbial attachment and competition in the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, the generation of antimicrobial agents, and modulation of the immune response are among the main mechanisms by which probiotics work. When the host receives antimicrobial therapy, the microflora gets disrupted, which favors selection of drug-resistant pathogenic bacterial strains like MRSA.…”

Impact of childhood malnutrition and intestinal microbiota on MDR infections

“…But no commercial probiotic therapy has been approved for use in human infection, and recent studies even suggest commercial probiotics may negatively impact the recovery of a healthy microbiota after antibiotic administration. 105 , 106 However, a recent RCT demonstrated strong efficacy of an oral therapy consisting of a select consortium of indigenous intestinal bacteria for treatment of C. difficile infection in adults, raising the hope for microbiota-based therapeutics that could be more easily administered than FMT for elimination of MDRO carriage in children. 107 In the short term, the availability of such treatments is unlikely to match the increasing global burden of MDR infection, particularly in under-resourced settings.…”

Transcriptomics of Lactobacillus paracasei: metabolism patterns and cellular responses under high-density culture conditions

“…L. paracasei is a prominent functional species for efficient deodorization in combating malodor pollution. L. paracasei secretes lipases and glycosidases and utilize nutrients from their environment to produce organic acids such as acetic acid, butyric acid, and lactic acid ( Rueda-Robles et al, 2022 ). The resulting reduction in environmental pH inhibits the growth of other malodorous microorganisms.…”

“…The resulting reduction in environmental pH inhibits the growth of other malodorous microorganisms. Additionally, the organic acids, diacetyl, and hydrogen peroxide produced by Lactobacillus metabolism possess broad-spectrum bactericidal effects ( Rueda-Robles et al, 2022 ). They also produce antibacterial substances such as bacteriocins and antimicrobial peptides, effectively inhibiting the growth of pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Legionella, and Escherichia coli , as well as antagonizing the growth of most Gram-negative bacteria ( Rueda-Robles et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Additionally, the organic acids, diacetyl, and hydrogen peroxide produced by Lactobacillus metabolism possess broad-spectrum bactericidal effects ( Rueda-Robles et al, 2022 ). They also produce antibacterial substances such as bacteriocins and antimicrobial peptides, effectively inhibiting the growth of pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Legionella, and Escherichia coli , as well as antagonizing the growth of most Gram-negative bacteria ( Rueda-Robles et al, 2022 ). During fermentation, the production of diacetyl, 3-hydroxybutanone, and volatile organic acids by lactic acid bacteria results in the evaporation of fruity, aromatic flavors that physically mask odors and create a pleasant atmosphere ( Verma et al, 2022 ).…”