“…When the teachers successfully encourage and cultivate a culture of learning through problem-solving, it fosters the development of various skills, as highlighted by this study. The findings of this study are consistent with previous studies that emphasised the important role of PBL in improving critical thinking abilities (Gholami et al, 2016;Lapuz & Fulgencio, 2020;Oja, 2011;Tiwari, Lai, So, & Yuen, 2006), teamwork (Adnan et al, 2009;Deep et al, 2019), team-based problem-solving skills (Helmi et al, 2016), problem-solving skills (Kadir et al, 2016;Kurniawan & Sofyan, 2020;Sari, 2021;Simamora et al, 2017), and communication skills (Deep et al, 2019;Salari et al, 2021).…”