Effect of Processing Variables on Particles Obtained by Extrusion–Spheronization Processing

Masking of Unpleasant Gustatory Sensation by Cross-Linking of Dehydrated Paracetamol Alginate Pellets Produced by Extrusion-Spheronization

“…Sphericity is one of the most important properties of the pellet and is also related to flow properties (Woodruff & Nuessle, 1972). Determination of sphericity by visual inspection, the simplest and most economical method, even though it lacks sharpness and sensitivity (Hileman et al, 1993), was used in the present study.…”

“…Flow behavior was assessed in terms of parameters like angle of repose, fluffy bulk density, tapped bulk density (Woodruff & Nuessle, 1972), Carr's index, and Hausner ratio (Stainforth, 1988), as reported previously.…”

Microencapsulation of Bitolterol for Controlled Release and Its Effect on Bronchodilator and Heart Rate Activities in Dogs

“…The effect of the several process variables on the resulting product, such as the rotational speed of the friction plate and the residence time in the spheronizing chamber, was studied (18); in addition, an evaluation was made (19) of the effects of granulation moisture content, extruder screen size, and extruder speed. These studies found that particular physical qualities must be developed during processing to produce uniform solid spheres: the material must be soft enough to extrude, cohesive enough to produce strands, sufficiently friable that the strands break into short rods when placed in the spheronization chamber, and plastic enough that the short rods are converted to regular spheres when rolled.…”

“…GLC methods (17)(18)(19)(20)(21) give sensitivity for nitroglycerin in excess of that required. GLC methods (17)(18)(19)(20)(21) give sensitivity for nitroglycerin in excess of that required.…”

Crystallo-co-agglomeration: A novel particle engineering technique

“…Especially, improvement in the efficiency of the manufacturing process and high degree of particle functionality can be achieved by these techniques. [1] Though conventional techniques like wet and dry granulation enjoy wide popularity at the industrial scale, [2] other novel techniques like extrusion-spheronization (ES, direct pelletization, and layering), [3] fluidized bed granulation, [4] spray drying, [5] spray congealing, [6] solution atomization and xtallization by sonication, [7] melt solidification, [8] melt sonocrystallisation, [9] co-crystallization, [10] spherical crystallization (SC), [11] crystallo-co-agglomeration (CCA), etc [12,13] have been considered as a value addition to existing ones. Among them, SC developed by Kawashima et al, in early 1990s has been considered as promising to modify crystal nature and preparation of directly compressible spherical agglomerates.…”