“…Based on these promising results, investigators have launched several Phase I and II studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapies for the treatment of ischemic heart disease (Bolli et al, 2011; Hare et al, 2012; Heldman et al, 2014; Perin et al, 2012; Traverse et al, 2011; Traverse et al, 2012), peripheral vascular disease (Poole et al, 2013), spinal cord injury (Mothe and Tator, 2012), multiple sclerosis (Uccelli et al, 2011), and stroke (Bang et al, 2005; Kondziolka et al, 2005; Lee et al, 2010). While safety has been clearly demonstrated, efficacy remains more elusive (Clifford et al, 2012; Fadini et al, 2010).…”