Effect of promoted natural feed on the production, nutritional, and immunological parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) semi-intensively farmed

Abstract

The effect of promoted biota on the production parameters, water quality, nutritional and immunological condition of Litopenaeus vannamei was assessed in semi‐intensive ponds. Earthen ponds were used as experimental units: three with formulated + natural promoted feed + shrimp (T1), three with formulated feed + shrimp (T2), and three with promoted natural feed without shrimp (Control). The dissolved oxygen (DO) levels were optimal for all treatments (≥6 mg L−1) as well as the pH (8.4–8.6). Total ammonia nitrogen was greater in T2 (0.10 mg L−1) than T1 (0.07 mg L−1) and the Control (0.06 mg L−1). Phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos were more abundant in T1 and the Control. The promotion of natural feed had a positive effect on all the production parameters of shrimp with an increase of 19.0%, 3.5% and 23.9% in weight gain, survival, and final biomass, respectively; also it was observed a decrease of 13.9% in feed conversion ratio. No differences in haemolymph parameters were observed for nutritional indicators (glucose, cholesterol, proteins, and triglycerides) nor for immunological response (phenoloxidase and prophenoloxidase). The results indicate that the promotion of biotic communities enhances the production parameters of farmed shrimp, without affecting the nutritional and immunological status. Also the water quality was improved by the presence of biota.

Production Response and Digestive Enzymatic Activity of the Pacific White ShrimpLitopenaeus vannamei(Boone, 1931) Intensively Pregrown in Microbial Heterotrophic and Autotrophic-Based Systems

“…The manipulation of inorganic nutrients, combined with the direct exposure of sunlight in AS and C, was the cause of the great differences. The levels of chlorophyll-a in AS and C, were always much higher than those usually reported for semi-intensive aquaculture ponds [8]. However, similar chlorophyll concentrations other than those we found, have been achieved by performing similar modifications [11].…”

Microbial‐based systems for aquaculture of fish and shrimp: an updated review

“…); (iv) the better utilization of the natural productivity, including microorganisms in the ponds, tanks, race‐ways, pools, floating cages or enclosures (Porchas‐Cornejo et al . ; Emerenciano et al . , b).…”

“…To advance towards a more sustainable aquaculture, it is absolutely necessary to improve the utilization of aquafeeds, considering that it is a multifactorial problem that includes the following: (i) the improvement in the formulations and fabrication processes to obtain aquafeeds with a better nutrient balance, higher attractability, palatability, digestibility, assimilation efficiency and hydro-stability (Cho & Bureau 2001;Bortone 2014); (ii) the optimization of the feeding practices in order to offer the farmed organisms the nutrients they just need when, where and how they need them (Smith et al 2002;Quadros & Mart ınez-C ordova 2008); (iii) the design, evaluation and use of recirculating and/or integrated multitrophic aquaculture systems (IMTA) for a better retention and recovering of the input nutrients and a decrease in the pollutant load of the effluents (Davis & Arnold 1998;Crab et al 2007); (iv) the better utilization of the natural productivity, including microorganisms in the ponds, tanks, race-ways, pools, floating cages or enclosures (Porchas-Cornejo et al 2011;Emerenciano et al 2012a, b).…”

Nutritional role of natural productivity and formulated feed in semi‐intensive shrimp farming as indicated by natural stable isotopes

“…Frequently, natural populations established in shrimp ponds are represented by diverse communities of organisms undergoing temporal variations, as a consequence of natural successions, but more importantly, as a result of continuous foraging pressure by farmed animals. The nutritional importance that natural productivity of ponds represents for farmed shrimp in terms of production parameters has been demonstrated in numerous studies, under both laboratory and field conditions (Hunter et al 1987;Mart ınez-C ordova et al 1998;Martinez-C ordova et al 2002;Gamboa-Delgado et al 2011;Porchas-Cornejo et al 2011). Shrimps are constant feeders and such behaviour is only suppressed at the preand post-moulting stages.…”