Effect of Properties of Iron Compounds on the Catalytic Activity in Direct Coal Liquefaction.

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Commercial Development 1.2. Historical Background 2. Indirect Coal Liquefaction 2.1. Preparation of Synthesis Gas 2.1.1. Coal Gasification 2.1.2. Water–Gas Shift 2.1.3. Synthesis Gas Purification 2.2. Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 2.2.1. Mechanisms 2.2.2. Product Selectivity and Characteristics 2.2.3. Catalytic Selectivity 2.2.4. Refining of Crude Products 2.2.5. Integrated Plant Configurations 2.2.6. Commercial Practice at SASOL 2.2.7. New and Developing Technologies 2.2.8. Advanced Systems 2.3. Methanol and Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) 2.4. Dimethyl Ether (DME) 2.5. Environmental Protection 2.6. Economic Aspects 3. Direct Coal Liquefaction 3.1. Mechanisms 3.2. Liquefaction Products 3.3. Solvents 3.3.1. Hydrogen Donors 3.3.2. Coal Conversion and Hydrogen Transfer 3.3.3. Interactive Solvent Effects 3.3.4. Side Reactions of Solvents 3.4. Coal Composition 3.4.1. Coal Rank 3.4.2. Bituminous Coal 3.4.3. Low‐Rank Coal 3.4.4. Coal Drying and Oxidation 3.5. Gaseous Hydrogen 3.6. Liquefaction in COH 2 O and COH 2 H 2 O 3.7. Catalysis 3.7.1. Mechanisms 3.7.2. Disposable Catalysts 3.7.3. Supported Catalysts 3.7.4. Molten Halide Catalysts 3.8. Process Description 3.9. Commercial Processes 3.9.1. Kohleoel (Ruhrkohle‐Veba Oel) Process 3.9.2. NEDOL Process 3.9.3. Solvent‐Refined Coal (SRC‐I and SRC‐II) Processes 3.9.4. Exxon Donor Solvent Process 3.9.5. H‐Coal Process 3.9.6. Catalytic Two‐Stage Process 3.9.7. HTI Coal Process 3.9.8. BCL Process 3.9.9. Liquefaction Solvent Extraction Process 3.10. Environmental Considerations 3.11. Economic Aspects

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