Effect of Propolis mouthwash on plaque and gingival indices over fixed orthodontic patients

Abstract

Background In patients with fixed orthodontics, the presence of orthodontic appliances causes dental plaque accumulation and hygiene problems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Propolis and chlorhexidine mouthwashes on plaque and gingival indices in patients who are undergoing orthodontic treatment. Material and Methods In this triple blind study, in total, 37 patients aged from 15 to 35 years those who have been undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment were studied. After that, one of the mouthwashes that containing either Propolis or Chlorhexidine was randomly prescribed to patients. The patients were asked to use mouthwashes twice a day after brushing their teeth for three weeks consecutively. Indicators of plaque, gingival and periodontal status (PI, GI, CPI) were determined on Ramford teeth at the beginning and at the end of three weeks for each patient. Then the results were analyzed statistically. Results The difference between the values of plaque index ( P <0.001), gingival index ( P =0.006) and periodontal index ( P = 0.005) before and after administration of Propolis were statistically significant. The difference was also statistically significant for all three indexes of plaque ( P <0.001), gingival ( P =0.001) and periodontal ( P =0.003) before and after chlorhexidine mouthwash usage. The indices after using mouthwashes were not statistically significant different between two mouthwash groups. Conclusions It seems that Propolis mouthwash can be used as a suitable alternative in patients with fixed orthodontic treatment without the side effects of chlorhexidine mouthwash. Key words: Mouthwash, antimicrobial, Oral hygiene, Propolis, Dental plaque.

Efficacy of propolis-based mouthwashes on dental plaque and gingival inflammation: a systematic review

“…General characteristics of the included studies are presented in Table 1 . Nine randomized clinical trials (RCT) involving 333 patients were included in this systematic review [ 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 – 22 ] (Table 1 ). Four studies were conducted in India [ 14 , 20 – 22 ], two in Brazil [ 17 , 18 ], one in Iran [ 11 ], one in Iraq [ 19 ], and one in the UK [ 8 ].…”

“…Medications or dentifrices known to affect the intervention were considered as exclusion criteria in all included studies. Three studies [ 11 , 17 , 21 ] reported excluding smokers, while the remaining studies did not provide any information about smoking status of the participants. The evaluation period ranged from 5 to 28 days.…”

“…Six studies [ 11 , 14 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 22 ] reported the age of the participants (age range: 15–70 years). Only three studies [ 11 , 19 , 20 ] reported the gender of the participants; the number of female subjects varied among the studies and ranged from 2 to 27. Two studies [ 8 , 21 ] neither mentioned the age nor the gender of the subjects (Table 1 ).…”

“… 10 ml twice daily for two Weeks 2 weeks Propolis and CHX were equally effective in reducing PI and GI. Abdullah et al 2003 [ 19 ] (Iraq) Double-blind crossover design 10 8/2 (20–24) G1: propolis ( n = 10) G2: propolis (ethanol extract) ( n = 10) G3: CHX 0.2% ( n = 10) PI – (0.5, 1% water extract of propolis, 0.5, 1% ethanolic extract of propolis) with distilled water Professional scaling & polishing, daily tooth brushing & flossing then abstain all mechanical tooth cleaning effort for the next five days No any appliance 15 ml three times daily for one minute each time 5 days Propolis 1% ethanolic extract was as effective as CHX in reducing plaque Dehghani et al 2019 [ 11 ] (Iran) Triple-blind parallel-group Clinical trial. 10\27 (15–35) G1:popolis ( n = 18) G2: CHX 0.12% ( n = 19) PI &GI Mild to moderate gingivitis Propolis aqueous extract, Propolis was 1% with a salt concentration of 0.25%, oil of saffron and flavor Subjects continue their usual daily brushing method (tooth brush and dental floss) during the study period Non- smokers under fixed ortho.…”

“…All included studies compared propolis-based mouthwashes with CHX [ 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 – 22 ] (Table 1 ). Eight studies [ 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 , 18 , 20 – 22 ] used the raw propolis, while one study [ 19 ] used two formulations of propolis namely, water extract poroplis and ethanol extract propolis (Table 1 ). With regards to the control group, seven studies reported on CHX concentrations: five studies used CHX 0.2% [ 14 , 19 – 22 ], and two studies used CHX 0.12% [ 8 , 17 ] (Table 1 ).…”