Effect of Protease and Prebiotic mixtures with Free Fishmeal Diets on Physiological Responses and Histological Examinations of the Red Tilapia, Oreochromis sp.

Abstract

years (FAO, 2016). In the year 2012, it was estimated that 24.3 million tons of aquaculture species which fed commercially manufactured aquaculture feed. Aquaculture feed production has been growing at an average year rate of 10.3% since year 2000 and there is and expected consumption of aquaculture diets of 65.4 million tons by 2020 and 87.1 million tons by 2025 (Tacon and Metian, 2015). The probiotics represent a new era in aquaculture and both commercial and scientific interest in this topic is increasing. Indeed, probiotics are commonly used as therapeutic and prophylactic supplements (Nayak, 2010; Hoseinifar et al., 2014). Probiotics when administered in suitable amounts; give benefits to the health of the animal by improving the balance of the microbiota in the intestine (Verschuere et al., 2000). Probiotics are becoming an internal part of aquaculture practices to obtain high production. Probiotics offer benefits with regard to improving immune status and fish production (Cerezuela et al., 2011). The addition of prebiotics to diets has been applied in aquaculture practices and it plays a role in promoting growth, digestive enzyme activity, immune responses and the composition of beneficial bacteria in the fish digestive tract (Zhou et al., 2010; Soleimani et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2012; Akrami et al., 2013). Prebiotics and probiotics demonstrated positively modulate the intestinal microflora and could improve fish health. The use of these products in aquaculture is widely accepted. However, some results on their efficiency from a few studies have been conflicting (Gatesoupe, 2005; Grimoud et al., 2010). Supplementation with enzymes is effective to eliminate the anti-nutritional factors and improve the utilization of feeds energy and amino acids, resulting in improved fish growth performance (Lin et al., 2007) and the intestinal health (Castillo and Gatlin, 2015). Exogenous proteases may compensate for the deficiency of endogenous enzymes and help in the breakdown of proteins improving digestibility (Shi et al., 2016) and carbohydrates are used to help in the breakdown of hemicelluloses which are part of the cell wall (Ebringerová, 2005). Enzyme can improve nitrogen and amino acid utilization by increasing the access to proteins for digestive proteases (Tahir et al., 2008) and the addition of beta mannanase decreases the immune related signal caused by beta mannans (Arsenault et al., 2017). Proteases are primary enzymes which have been isolated from various parts of Nile tilapia digestive tract (Tengjaroenkul et al., 2000; Hinsui et al., 2006). On the other hand variations in the quality and quantity of nutrients used in diets may modify enzymatic profile and activity in the animal's digestive tract (Lundstedt et al., 2004). Thus, feed composition might induce biological adaptations, including an increase in nutrient absorption (Moraes and Bidinotto, 2000). Digestive enzymes have been investigated to understanding nutritional requirements and the effects of feed composition on enzyme activity in order to ...

Effect of dietary protease supplementation on growth performance, water quality, blood parameters and intestinal morphology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus)

“…Moreover, supplementation of exogenous protease in plant‐derived feeds reduced the content of some anti‐nutritional factors, and improved nutrient digestibility and protein retention rate in fish (Dalsgaard et al, 2012). The obtained results are supported by that of Goda et al (2020) and Abd Elnabi et al (2020). On the other hand, the addition of protease to diets in trout was found to not affect the weight or weight gain of fish (Farhangi & Carter, 2007; Yigit et al, 2018).…”

“…Moreover, there was no significant difference in serum GOT and GPT levels among the treatments, indicating the liver functions were not affected by the experimental diets. Abd Elnabi et al (2020) found lower GOT and GPT concentrations in the control diet, and higher values were observed in diets supplemented with protease. On contrary, serum GOT and GPT levels were decreased in seabass fed diets supplemented with protease in relation to fish fed control diet (Goda et al, 2020).…”

“…Moreover, Caspary (1992) reported that increased intestinal villi resulted in an increased surface area for nutrient absorption, therefore, improving growth performance and feed utilization in animals. Also, Abd Elnabi et al (2020) exhibited that tilapia fed diet supplemented with 0.20% protease had higher intestinal villi numbers and width.…”

“…Proteases were added to feed to increase dietary protein hydrolysis, thus leading to improved nitrogen utilization, which has been reported to have beneficial effects on the growth and physiological state of fish (Abd Elnabi et al, 2020; Li et al, 2016). In this study, the body weight and weight gain of fish fed control −ve diet (low CP) plus protease were similar to that of the control +ve (normal CP) group.…”

The effectiveness of protease supplemented poultry by‐product meal‐based diet on growth, nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activities of rohu ( Labeo rohita )

“…Biochemical indices have been identified as valuable tool for monitoring fish physiology (Abd Elnabi et al, 2020). Albumin level in serum is associated with immune response (Goda et al, 2020).…”