Effect of Provisioning on the Temporal Variation in the Activity Budget of Urban Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in West Sumatra, Indonesia

Ilham, Kurnia; Rizaldi,; Nurdin, Jabang; Tsuji, Yamato

doi:10.1159/000491790

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Thus, daily flexibility in activity pattern may represent an adaptation of geladas in human disturbed landscapes. Flexibility in activity pattern is an important aspect of primates' ability to survive in varying environmental conditions (Ilham et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time budgets and activity patterns of the southern gelada (Theropithecus gelada obscurus) in a human‐modified landscape, Wollo, Ethiopia

Kifle

Bekele

2022

Afr J Ecol

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Understanding the behavioural ecology of primates in human disturbance areas is crucial to developing conservation management plan. Southern geladas (Theropithecus gelada obscurus) are endemic subspecies of geladas that are threatened by habitat loss and degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands. During the 18‐months period, we conducted this intensive study in an unprotected area of human‐modified landscape to examine the diurnal time budgets and activity patterns of southern geladas. We quantified the time budget data from a band of southern gelada using instantaneous scan sampling method. Southern geladas had an overall diurnal activity budget of 49.5% feeding, 17.5% resting, 16.2% moving, 13.0% grooming and 3.0% socialising. The band spent significantly more time feeding during the dry season than the wet season. However, the band spent significantly more time during the wet season than the dry season in resting and grooming activities. We observed variations in the trend of activity patterns during the daylight hours between the wet and dry seasons. We found consistent relationships between monthly time budget and food availability. Our results contribute to improve our knowledge on the behavioural ecology of gelada populations in human‐modified landscape across the Ethiopian Highlands.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time budgets and activity patterns of the southern gelada (Theropithecus gelada obscurus) in a human‐modified landscape, Wollo, Ethiopia

Kifle

Bekele

2022

Afr J Ecol

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“…Interestingly, some urban-dwelling populations have been shown to spend more time resting and engaging in social activities compared to less urban groups (Saj et al, 1999;El Alami et al, 2012;Jaman & Huffman, 2013;Koirala et al, 2017;Ilham et al, 2018;Thatcher et al, 2019). This suggests a potentially positive effect (rather than negative) of anthropogenic factors on animals' time budgets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, across a variety of interfaces, from rural to urban areas, people often engage in a variety of direct interactions with wildlife (e.g., mutual aggression, human provisioning) that may have different impacts on animals' behaviour (McCarthy et al, 2009;Fuentes, 2012;Maréchal et al, 2016). Food provisioning by tourists, for instance, has been shown to increase aggression and contact time in Mareeba rock-wallabies (Petrogale mareeba: Hodgson et al, 2004) and to reduce social grooming in rhesus macaques (Ilham et al, 2018). However, the extent to which direct interactions between humans and wildlife can impact wild animals' activity budget is not well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions with humans impose time constraints on urban-dwelling rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Kaburu

Beisner

Balasubramaniam

et al. 2019

Behav.

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Time is a valuable but limited resource, and animals' survival depends on their ability to carefully manage the amount of time they allocate to each daily activity. While existing research has examined the ecological factors affecting animals' activity budgets, the impact of anthropogenic factors on urban-dwelling animals' time budgets remains understudied. Here we collected data through focal animal sampling from three groups of rhesus macaques in Northern India to examine whether interactions with humans decrease macaques' resting and social time (time constraints hypothesis), or whether, by contrast, foraging on anthropogenic food, that is potentially high in calories, leads macaques to spend more time resting and in social interactions (free time hypothesis). We found that macaques who interacted more frequently with people spent significantly less time resting and grooming, supporting the time constraints hypothesis. We argue that these time constraints are likely caused by the unpredictability of human behaviour.

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“…This findings can be related to the habits of M. fascicularis itself. They usually spend their time grooming themselves as well as others by using their fingers or mouth (Ilham et al, 2018;Fitriyah et al, 2021). Hence, this behaviour increases the chance of the ectoparasites to be found inside their fecal.…”

Section: 4mentioning

confidence: 99%

GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN Macaca fascicularis LIVING IN TWO URBAN AREAS OF MALAYSIA

Said

Vejayan

Zulkeffli

et al. 2022

MJS

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Macaca fascicularis or commonly known as long-tailed macaques, are nonhuman primates that are increasingly vulnerable in becoming natural reservoirs for many microorganisms including gastrointestinal (GI) parasites, largely due to anthropogenic activities. This study was conducted to detect and compare GI parasites in M. fascicularis found in densely urbanized settings. The fecal samples of the long-tailed macaques were collected at a public university campus (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi) and a tourist site (Bukit Melawati, Kuala Selangor). A total of 80 fecal samples were collected: 50 at the university campus, and the remaining samples from the tourist site. The fecal samples were processed by flotation techniques to include the GI parasites and then were subjected to morphological analysis to identify important taxonomy keys under microscopic magnification. A total of 139 parasites were identified from both locations and classified into 5 phylums and 17 families. Among the 139 parasites, 33 parasites were grouped into 6 genus of GI parasites. Among the gastrointestinal parasites that were identified from both study sites, three parasites were zoonotic namely Strongyloids spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Trichuris spp. Results showed that the diversity index of GI parasites was higher at the university campus compared to the tourist site with Simpson’s Index values of 0.953 and 0.880, respectively, while the Shannon’s Index values were 3.282 and 2.399, respectively. This research revealed that there are more parasite infections in the long-tailed macaques in the campus surroundings compared to those found in the tourist site. Therefore, it is highly suggested that authority intervention by translocating the long-tailed macaques elsewhere is necessary to avoid prolonged contact and possible parasite transmission to humans, and if any parasitic infections occur, appropriate medication such as anthelmintic drugs should be readily available at the university campus clinics.

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Effect of Provisioning on the Temporal Variation in the Activity Budget of Urban Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in West Sumatra, Indonesia

Cited by 23 publications

References 28 publications

Time budgets and activity patterns of the southern gelada (Theropithecus gelada obscurus) in a human‐modified landscape, Wollo, Ethiopia

Time budgets and activity patterns of the southern gelada (Theropithecus gelada obscurus) in a human‐modified landscape, Wollo, Ethiopia

Interactions with humans impose time constraints on urban-dwelling rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN Macaca fascicularis LIVING IN TWO URBAN AREAS OF MALAYSIA

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