“…Most of the studies (e.g., [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]) were focused on the benefits of z-pinned laminates such as improved delamination toughness, impact damage tolerance, and joint strength. Although these studies contributed to the clarification of the interaction between stitches and laminate, up to now, the effect of various stitching parameters on the fracture performance of lap joints has not been adequately understood.…”