Effect of rare-earth metals on the properties of conducting copper

Grain-refined recrystallized 14-carat gold alloy

“…In the first stage of the investigation additions of five elements were introduced separately to the gold alloy in the following concentrations (weight per cent): The choice of iridium, zirconium and cobalt was based on data contained in the literature reviewed above; these elements seemed the most effective grain refiners in the groups of elements to which they belong. the effect of the two other elements -boron and yttrium -on gold alloys has not yet been studied, but they have been reported (13,14,15) to produce grain refinement of the structures of both annealed and cast topper and topper alloys.…”