“…Surface bubbles generated by photothermal effects are playing significant roles in a wide range of applications, such as microbubble logics, vapor generation, − cancer therapy, − plasmon-assisted catalysis, − and nanoparticle (NP) manipulation − and deposition. − To realize the photothermal effect, a light-absorbing substrate, such as silicon, thin-metallic layer, and conducting oxide, is usually immersed in liquid to convert optical energy into thermal energy. ,, When the light intensity is sufficiently high to raise the temperature of the substrate above a threshold, a surface bubble can nucleate.…”