Effect of Reaction Conditions on the Coprecipitation of Ni(OH)₂ for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Electrochemical performance of cathode active materials (CAMs) is dependent on the properties of coprecipitated precursors (pCAMs). This is a sensitive process affected by several reaction parameters such as temperature, pH, concentration of reactants, agitation rate, and residence time. In this paper, the effect of parameters influencing the particle size growth and the physical properties, such as particle morphology and tapped density, was studied in the coprecipitation of Ni(OH)2. Formation of a homogeneous population with narrow particle size distribution was observed, followed by a more heterogeneous population of dense particles. Ammonia concentration and residence time had significant effects on particle size growth and morphology, but agitation rate also had an impact.

Single-Particle Elemental Analysis of μm-Sized Battery Materials by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

“…Typically, broad particle size distributions are observed for CSTR-based materials, which is due to intrinsically different residence times of individual particles in the reactor. 9 If the response of the individual elements in LA-ICP-MS is known and considering that the sum of all transition metals in each NCM particle adds up to 100 mol%, the particle composition can be calculated. Applying this assumption, Liu et al 29 developed an internal standard independent calibration approach using reference materials with a known analyte concentration to calculate the total stoichiometry of the analysed material.…”

“…However, the resulting CSTR product can suffer from undesired inhomogeneities due to the residence time distribution of the individual particles. This is expressed in broad particle size distributions of the CSTR-based pCAMs 9 but can also impact other factors such as the elemental composition due to differences in the individual precipitation kinetics of the respective TMs. 10 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) or optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) are commonly used to determine the average bulk composition of battery materials, such as CAMs.…”

Determining effects of doping lithium nickel oxide with tungsten using Compton scattering

“…Coprecipitation of Ni(OH) 2 : Spherical Ni(OH) 2 precursor was first synthesized using alkali metal hydroxide (NaOH) coprecipitation in an inert gas (nitrogen) atmosphere. 32 An inert gas was used to prevent the oxidation of the precursor. Precipitation was done in a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) with a reactor volume of 3 l at 50 ○ C under vigorous agitation.…”