Effect of Reed Vegetation on Evapotranspiration and Treatment Performance with Vertical Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands in the Treatment of Landfill Leachate

Abstract

In this study, the effect of reed vegetation on evapotranspiration (ET) and treatment performance was estimated, and a commonly used meteorological estimate of potential evapotranspiration (PET) was compared with ET with vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VSSFs) in the treatment of the high salinity of landfill leachates. The experimental approaches consisted of three runs: Run A was a poor reed vegetation bed, Run B was a dense reed vegetation bed, and Run C was a bed without reeds. The results of this study are as follows: The salinities of the leachate inflow in Run A and Run B were 15.8 ± 1.9g Cl -/L and 15.5 ± 2.8g Cl -/L, respectively. The average ETs of Run A, Run B and Run C were 4.2mm/d, 7.4mm/d and 3mm/d, respectively. The annual ET rates of Run A, Run B and Run C were 1535mm, 2702mm and 1101mm, respectively. On the other hand, those of PET estimated on the basis of the Hamon equation of 2017and 2018 were 741mm and 791mm, respectively. The PET rate was much less compared to the ET rate in the dense vegetation bed. It was necessary to consider site-specific factors such as growth of plants in the evaluation of the water budget. The water loss by evapotranspiration in Run B was much more than those in Run A and Run C. Although the removal rates calculated from the concentration between inflow and outflow did not differ between the dense vegetation bed and the poor vegetation bed, the load reduction rates calculated from the water budget differed between dense vegetation and poor vegetation.

Survey and Ethnobotanical Investigations of Key Non-Timber Forest Products in Home Gardens and Sacred Forests in Cross River State, Nigeria

“…Also, the distances from the natural forest and the scarcity of the NTFPs probably may be the major reasons for the harvesting of NTFPs from the sacred forest and the cultivation of these NTFPs in the home gardens. This study supports several studies [13,16,17] that demonstrate how vital it is for rural residents, especially the poor, to cultivate and collect NTFPs from home gardens as an alternative source of revenue and subsistence. Additional research [14,18,19] revealed that the products support a variety of livelihoods and serve as a safety net, especially when agricultural production is inadequate to mitigate risk and fill the food shortfall gap in various areas.…”

“…LGA AIN= -16.084 -4.346x 1 + 6.273x 2 + 1.163x 3 + 6.183x 4 --9.393x 5 + 4.045x 6 + 7.531x 7 -4.87x 8 + 5.643x 9 (16) Odds ratio (unit change): constant (0.000); x 1 (0.013), x 2 (530.015), x 3 (3.201); x 4 (484.476); x 5 (0.000);x 6 (57.139); x 7 (1864.902) x 8 (0.008), x 9 (282.208).…”