Purpose: The aim of this paper was to examine the distribution of macular, retinal nerve¯ber layer (RNFL) thickness and optic disc parameters of myopic and hyperopic eyes in comparison with emmetropic control eyes and to investigate their variation according to axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent (SE) in healthy children. Methods: This study included 293 pairs of eyes of 293 children (145 boys and 148 girls), ranging in age from 6 to 17 years. Subjects were divided according to SE in control (emmetropia, 99 children), myopia (100 children) and hyperopia (94 children) groups and according to axial AL in 68 short (<22.00 mm, 68), medium (from !22.00 mm to 25.00 mm, 189) and long eyes (>25.00 mm, 36). Macular parameters, RNFL thickness and optic disc morphology were assessed by the Cirrus TM HD-OCT. AL was measured using the IOL-Master system. Littmann's formula was used for calculating the corrected AL-related ocular magni¯cation. Results: Mean age (AE SD) was 10.84 AE 3.05 years; mean (AE SD) SE was þ0.14 AE 0.51 D (range from À8.75 to þ8.25 D) and mean AL (AE SD) was 23.12 AE 1.49. Average RNFL thickness, average macular thickness and macular volume decreased as AL and myopia increased. No correlations between AL/SE and optic disc parameters were found after correcting for magni¯cation e®ect. Conclusions: AL and refractive error a®ect measurements of macular and RNFL thickness in healthy children. To make a correct interpretation of OCT measurements, ocular magni¯cation e®ect should be taken into account by clinicians or OCT manufacturers.