Effect of Regular Sauna on Epidermal Barrier Function and Stratum Corneum Water-Holding Capacity in vivo in Humans: A Controlled Study

Kowatzki, Doreen; Macholdt, C.; Krull, K.; Schmidt, Daniel; Deufel, Thomas; Elsner, Peter; Fluhr, Joachim W.

doi:10.1159/000137283

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Our study shows that sweat‐inducing sportive activity is associated with an increase of the skin surface pH at all investigated body sites. This result agrees with the study of Kowatzki et al ., which suggests that even short periods of sweating may increase the skin surface pH for hours, due to the neutral pH of sweat. This result is of practical relevance, as a higher pH at the skin surface is associated with an increased risk for skin disorders .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Influence of sportive activity on skin barrier function: a quantitative evaluation of 60 athletes

2013

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While sports-related diseases are well documented in the literature, no study regarding the physiology of athlete's skin has been published yet. However, some evidence is given for impairment of the skin barrier due to sportive activity accompanied by an increase in sweating. In this explorative study, we investigated the effect of sportive activity on skin physiology, namely stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and sebum content. A total of 60 healthy Caucasian volunteers (35 females, 25 males; mean 27.35 ± 4.09) were enrolled in this study. Measurements were done before and after 45 minutes of endurance cardio training at forehead, chest, forearm, and armpits. Hydration level, sebum secretion, and pH value of hydrolipid acid film were measured with worldwide-acknowledged biophysical measuring methods. Stratum corneum hydration significantly increased after sportive activity. The increase was about 51.9% at the forearm and 31.9% at the chest. Sebum content at the forehead significantly decreased during exercising, from 87.36 μg/cm2 to 62.41 μg/cm2. At all investigated body sites, measured values for skin surface pH increased after sportive activity. Highest pH value was measured in armpits (pH 5.64-5.98) and lowest at forearm (pH 4.75-4.93). Sportive activity is accompanied by significant changes of skin physiology that could stress the barrier function of the skin. Higher skin surface pH and hyperhydration of the stratum corneum as well as increased lipid content on the skin surface are probably caused by an increased sweat production. The impaired skin barrier may also be the reason for some reported sports-related dermatoses.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Influence of sportive activity on skin barrier function: a quantitative evaluation of 60 athletes

2013

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“…This transition phase is, in addition to other syndromes, often characterized by hot flushes and sweating [42]. As Kowatzki et al [43] showed, even short periods of sweating can increase the skin pH for hours because of the neutral pH of sweat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…As Kowatzki et al . showed, even short periods of sweating can increase the skin pH for hours because of the neutral pH of sweat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age‐related changes in skin barrier function – Quantitative evaluation of 150 female subjects

Luebberding

Krueger

Kerscher

2012

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

141

122

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The protection against water loss and the prevention of substances and bacteria penetrating into the body rank as the most important functions of the skin. This so-called 'skin barrier function' is the natural frontier between the inner organism and the environment, and is primarily formed by the epidermis. An impairment of the skin barrier function is often found in diseased and damaged skin. An influence of ageing on skin barrier function is widely accepted, but has not been conclusively evaluated yet. Therefore, the aim of this clinical study was to assess the potential influence of ageing on skin barrier function, including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration, sebum content and pH value. One hundred and fifty healthy women aged 18-80, divided into five age groups with 30 subjects each, were evaluated in this study. TEWL, hydration level, sebum secretion and pH value of hydro-lipid acid film were measured with worldwide acknowledged biophysical measuring methods at cheek, neck, décolleté, volar forearm and dorsum of hand. Whereas TEWL and stratum corneum hydration showed only very low correlation with subject's age, the sebum production decreased significantly with age, resulting in the lowest skin surface lipids levels measured in subjects older than 70 years. The highest skin surface pH was measured in subjects between 50 and 60 years, whereas the eldest age group had the lowest mean pH. The dorsum of the hand was the location with the highest TEWL and lowest stratum corneum hydration in all age groups. The results show that only some parameters related to skin barrier function are influenced by ageing. Whereas sebum production decreases significantly over lifetime and skin surface pH is significantly increased in menopausal woman, TEWL and stratum corneum hydration show only minor variations with ageing.

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“…It is acknowledged that variations in environmental temperature and moisture alter the SC physiology 10,38–40 . Any modification in the barrier function may lead to enzymatic alterations in the SC followed by altered desquamation and a ‘dry’ skin appearance 41 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental dew point and skin and lip weathering

Devillers

Pierard

Quatresooz

et al. 2010

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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Xerosis represents a physiological response of the stratum corneum (SC) to environmental threats. The influence of the environmental dew point (DP) is not fully understood. This parameter is the air temperature at which the relative humidity is maximum. This study aimed to assess the relationship between the environmental DP and the waterholding capacity of the skin and lower lip vermilion. For comparison, SC property was evaluated after occlusive application of cooled and uncooled hydrogel pads. Electrometric measurements using a dermal phase meter (DPM) device were performed on the back of the hands, the cheeks and the lower lip of 40 healthy menopausal women.Assessments were performed in the outdoor conditions during winter and spring. The same measurements were recorded after hydrogel pads, at room temperature or cooled to 4°C, were placed for 15 min on the test sites. The environmental DP was recorded at each evaluation time. The SC water-holding capacity was discretely influenced by the DP. In the open-air environmental conditions, a positive linear relationship was found on the cheeks between the DP and DPM values. The relationship was weaker on the lips. Conversely, a consistent increase in DPM values was recorded immediately after removal of the cooled and uncooled hydrogel pads. The observations made in the open-air testing conditions are consistent with the predicted events following the Arrhenius law. By contrast, the combination of cooling and occlusion by the hydrogel pads is responsible for the reverse effect on the SC.

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Effect of Regular Sauna on Epidermal Barrier Function and Stratum Corneum Water-Holding Capacity in vivo in Humans: A Controlled Study

Cited by 22 publications

References 36 publications

Influence of sportive activity on skin barrier function: a quantitative evaluation of 60 athletes

Influence of sportive activity on skin barrier function: a quantitative evaluation of 60 athletes

Age‐related changes in skin barrier function – Quantitative evaluation of 150 female subjects

Environmental dew point and skin and lip weathering

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