Effect of reinforcement particle size on in vitro behavior of β‐tricalcium phosphate‐reinforced high‐density polyethylene: A novel orthopedic composite

Abstract

Beta-tricalcium phosphate-reinforced high-density polyethylene (beta-TCP/HDPE) is a new biomaterial, which was made to simulate bone composition and study its capacity to act like bony tissues. This material was produced by replacing mineral component and collagen soft tissue of bone with beta-TCP and HDPE, respectively. The biocompatibility of composite samples with different volume fractions of TCP (20, 30, and 40 vol %) and two different particle sizes (80-100 and 120-140 mesh size) was examined in vitro using the osteoblast cell line G-292 by proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) production, and cell adhesion assays. Cell-material interaction on the surface of the composites was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of beta-TCP particle size on behavior of the osteoblast cell line was compared between two groups of the composite samples containing smaller and larger reinforcement particle sizes as well as with those of a negative control. In general, results showed that the composite samples containing larger particles supported a higher rate of proliferation and ALP production by osteoblast cells after 3, 7, and 14 days of incubation compared to the composite samples with smaller particle size and control. Furthermore, more cells were attached to the surface of composite samples containing larger particle size when compared to the smaller particle size composites (p<0.05). This number was nearly equal with numbers adhered on negative control [tissue culture polystyrene (TPS)] and significantly higher in comparison with composite control [polyethylene (PE)] (p<0.05). Adhered cells presented a normal morphology by SEM and many of the cells were seen to be undergoing cell division. These findings indicate that beta-TCP/HDPE composites are biocompatible, nontoxic, and in some cases, act to stimulate proliferation of the cells, ALP production, and cell adhesion when compared to the control counterparts. Furthermore, beta-TCP/HDPE samples with larger reinforcement particle size were shown to possess better biological properties.

Size dependent induction of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxicity of particulate beta-tricalciumphosphate in vitro

“…3AeC). In contrast to that finding, TNF-alpha was induced significantly by all other beta-TCP samples (3,13,32,40 Fig. 3C).…”

“…HA particles of a finely ground powder form lead to a greater reduction in the growth rate of fibroblasts and an increased number of pycnotic cells indicating cytotoxicity as do HA particles in a coarse form [39]. Larger beta-TCP-reinforced high-density polyethylene composite particles have been declared to posses better biological properties than composites with smaller particles as shown by higher rates of cell proliferation and adhesion of osteoblasts [40]. It is further well-known that the proinflammatory cytokines that were determined at their peak levels in the present study, provide a multitude of local and systemic effects as well as interactions at prolonged time intervals [41e46].…”

Adhesion and Growth of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells on Nanostructured and Biofunctionalized Polyethylene

“…For example, composites of HDPE with hydroxyapatite [17] or tricalcium phosphate [18] have been developed for the construction of bone replacements, composites of HDPE with graphite for the construction of joint replacements [19], and copolymers of HDPE with hyaluronan for the reconstruction of osteochondral defects [20]. HDPE was also clinically applied for calvarial reconstruction [21].…”

Status of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in Iran and related advanced tools: Bioreactors and scaffolds

“…There are many universities and government research institutes in Iran, such as Royan Institute [24][25][26], Amirkabir University [19,20,[27][28][29][30] , Pasteur Institute of Iran [31][32][33][34], University of Tehran [20,35], Tarbiat Modares University [20,[36][37][38][39], Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [40,41,43,45], Tehran University of Medical Sciences [42,44], National Institute for Genetic Engineering [46], Islamic Azad University [47][48][49], Iran University of Science and Technology [50,51] and Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute [52,53] are conducting active research on the development of artificial organs based on tissue-engineering technologies.…”

“…In spite, synthetic biomaterials have better controlled physical and mechanical but because of difficulties in attachment and growth on these materials, biocompatibility becomes the major issue. Several studies investigated TE approaches with the polymers [18,23,31,33,[47][48][49]53,65,74,77]. Shariatpanahi and coworkers investigated the effect of grafting N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) onto polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).…”