Effect of replacing grass silage with red clover silage on ruminal lipid metabolism in lactating cows fed diets containing a 60:40 forage-to-concentrate ratio

Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau, Anni; Vanhatalo, Aila; Toivonen, Vesa; Heikkilä, Terttu; Lee, Michael R. F.; Shingfield, Kevin J.

doi:10.3168/jds.2013-6872

Cited by 28 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This is consistent with net gain due to microbial fatty acid synthesis de novo in cattle fed diets containing low amounts of lipid, such as forage-only diets (Lee et al, 2006a;Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau et al, 2013). The response was greater with CO as exemplified by a greater proportional increase in fatty acids associated with microbial lipids, namely C16:0 and BOC fatty acids (Vlaeminck et al, 2006).…”

Section: Fatty Acid Metabolism Across the Rumensupporting

confidence: 66%

“…The mechanism for RC protection of PUFA across the rumen is yet to be fully elucidated but may be mediated via several interrelated mechanisms. These include possible formation of protein complexes as a consequence of PPO activity, alterations in digestion kinetics, forage particle size distribution in the rumen, and ruminal microbial ecology (Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau et al, 2013). Our data suggest that PPO has little effect on biohydrogenation in vivo as the high grass PPO treatment, CO, failed to show any protection of PUFA compared to the low grass PPO treatment.…”

Section: Fatty Acid Metabolism Across the Rumencontrasting

confidence: 36%

“…The concentrations of fatty acids in the 3 silages are lower than typical reported values for ryegrass, red clover, and cocksfoot, although the proportions of individual fatty acids are comparable with the literature (Lee et al, 2006a;Dierking, 2008;Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau et al, 2013). This may relate to the greater maturity (second cut) of the crops in the current study as shown by their fiber composition, as maturity is related to lower fatty acid content of herbage (Dewhurst et al, 2001).…”

Section: Silage Compositionmentioning

confidence: 33%

“…The CO also resulted in a greater flow of phytanic acid than either PR or RC, which would indicate a greater microbial degradation of chlorophyll in the rumen. The RC had lower levels of this chlorophyll metabolite than either grass, as previously reported (Lee et al, 2006a;Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau et al, 2013). Perennial ryegrass and red clover silage typically have similar amounts of chlorophyll (Lee et al, 2006a), suggesting a protective attribute of red clover yet to be elucidated.…”

Section: Fatty Acid Metabolism Across the Rumenmentioning

confidence: 48%

“…If so, the inability of protein complexing in CO to elicit the protective effect of red clover may be due to protein AA composition (lower nucleophilic binding sites) or substrate differences; this is further explored below. It may also suggest, as it has yet to be proven, that PPO-induced protein complexing does little to protect esterified PUFA in vivo and the greater flow of esterified lipid at the omasum reported by Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau et al (2013) when animals consumed red clover-based diets is related to either alterations in digestion kinetics, forage particle size distribution in the rumen, or changes in ruminal microbial ecology (Huws et al, 2010).…”

Section: Fatty Acid Metabolism Across the Rumenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of high polyphenol oxidase grass silage on metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and nitrogen across the rumen of beef steers1

Lee

Theobald

Gordon

et al. 2014

Journal of Animal Science

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Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in red clover (Trifolium pratense) has been reported to reduce both proteolysis and lipolysis, resulting in greater N use efficiency and protection of PUFA across the rumen. Although high levels of PPO have been reported in grasses such as cocksfoot (orchard grass; Dactylis glomerata), no in vivo research has determined whether grass PPO elicits the same response as red clover PPO. To test the hypothesis that silage ensiled from grass with high levels of PPO protects N and PUFA across the rumen, 6 steers with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were offered cocksfoot silage (CO; high-PPO grass), perennial ryegrass silage (PR; Lolium perenne; low-PPO grass), or red clover silage (RC; high-PPO control) at 16 g DM/ kg BW daily with the experiment consisting of two 3 × 3 Latin squares with 21-d periods, consisting of 12 d of diet adaptation, 6 d of duodenal marker infusion, 2 d of duodenal sampling, and 1 d of ruminal sampling. All silages were well preserved, with DM of 34.4, 55.3, and 45.4% for CO, PR, and RC. Activity of PPO in silages was low due to deactivation but was greater in CO than either PR or RC (0.15 vs. 0.05 and 0.08 μkatal/g DM).Protein-bound phenol (mg/g DM) as a measure of the degree of oxidation and an indication of PPO protection was greatest for RC (15.9) but comparable for PR (10.1) and CO (12.2). Biohydrogenation of C18 PUFA was significantly lower on RC compared to the 2 grass silages with CO greater than PR. Despite lower levels of total fatty acid intake and subsequent duodenal flow, CO resulted in greater levels of phytanic acid and total branched and odd chain fatty acids in duodenal digesta than RC or PR. Ruminal ammonia concentration was greatest for RC, with no difference between the grasses. Duodenal flow of microbial N and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were lowest for CO and comparable for RC and PR. The CO (high-grass PPO) did not result in elevated levels of C18 PUFA escaping the rumen or improve efficiency of total N transfer through the rumen compared to PR. The RC resulted in a greater flow of N and nonmicrobial N to the duodenum than the 2 grasses with PR greater than CO.

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Section: Fatty Acid Metabolism Across the Rumensupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Fatty Acid Metabolism Across the Rumencontrasting

confidence: 36%

Section: Silage Compositionmentioning

confidence: 33%

Section: Fatty Acid Metabolism Across the Rumenmentioning

confidence: 48%

Section: Fatty Acid Metabolism Across the Rumenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of high polyphenol oxidase grass silage on metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and nitrogen across the rumen of beef steers1

Lee

Theobald

Gordon

et al. 2014

Journal of Animal Science

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Furness’s First Farmers: Evidence of Early Neolithic Settlement and Dairying in Cumbria

Robinson¹,

Town²,

Ballin³

et al. 2020

Proc. Prehist. Soc.

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In 2015, excavations at Stainton Quarry, Furness, Cumbria, recovered remains that provide a unique insight into Early Neolithic farming in the vicinity. Five pits, a post-hole, and deposits within a tree-throw and three crevices in a limestone outcrop were investigated. The latter deposits yielded potentially the largest assemblage of Carinated Bowl fragments yet recovered in Cumbria. Lipid analysis identified dairy fats within nine of these sherds. This was consistent with previous larger studies but represents the first evidence that dairying was an important component of Early Neolithic subsistence strategies in Cumbria. In addition, two deliberately broken polished stone axes, an Arran pitchstone core, a small number of flint tools and debitage, and a tuff flake were retrieved. The site also produced moderate amounts of charred grain, hazelnut shell, charcoal, and burnt bone. Most of the charred grain came from an Early Neolithic pit and potentially comprises the largest assemblage of such material recovered from Cumbria to date. Radiocarbon dating indicated activity sometime during the 40th–35th centuries cal bc as well as an earlier presence during the 46th–45th centuries. Later activity during the Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age was also demonstrated. The dense concentration of material and the fragmentary and abraded nature of the pottery suggested redeposition from an above-ground midden. Furthermore, the data recovered during the investigation has wider implications regarding the nature and use of the surrounding landscape during the Early Neolithic and suggests higher levels of settlement permanence, greater reliance on domesticated resources, and a possible different topographical focus for settlement than currently proposed.

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Effect of changes in lipid classes during wilting and ensiling of red clover using two silage additives onin vitroruminal biohydrogenation

et al. 2016

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Although forage lipid is generally rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), recovery of these fatty acids (FA) in milk and meat of ruminant origin is generally low, due to microbial biohydrogenation (BH) taking place in the rumen. Since lipolysis is a prerequisite for BH, the latter process is expected to be enhanced when (conserved) forages contain lower levels of esterified FA (particularly polar lipids; PL). However, this was not observed in former studies with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Furthermore, red clover inclusion in the herbivore's diet was associated with decreased rumen BH as compared with other forages. Differences in plant lipase activity during wilting and ensiling has been attributed to changes in disappearance from the PL fraction, but a potential role of microbial lipases in silo has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to assess whether BH of red clover FA is linked with PL levels of the (conserved) starting material and to clarify the possible role of in silo microbial activity on PL disappearance. In order to obtain sufficient variation in forage PL and microbial activity, laboratory-scale silages were made by wilting and ensiling damaged or undamaged red clover using molasses or formic acid as ensiling additive, while perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was used as a control. Distribution of lipids within three lipid fractions (PL, free FA and neutral lipids) in forages was determined and BH calculated after 24 h in vitro rumen incubation. Results indicated microbial lipases in silages did not enhance FA disappearance from the PL fraction. A gradual decrease of FA in the PL fraction upon conservation was found, both in red clover and ryegrass, irrespective of the degree of damage. In red clover PL losses started from the wilting phase, while substantial PL disappearance from ryegrass only started upon ensiling. Proportions of PUFA remaining in the PL fraction after wilting and ensiling of red clover were positively correlated with PUFA BH, while this effect was not observed for ryegrass. Red clover PUFA seemed to be partially protected against ruminal BH, while disappearance of FA from the PL fraction did not seem to be hampered. Results indicated the encapsulation mechanism as a consequence of protein-bound phenol formation induced by polyphenol oxidase is still the most probable hypothesis to explain red clover's increased flow of PUFA across the rumen

show abstract

Effect of replacing grass silage with red clover silage on ruminal lipid metabolism in lactating cows fed diets containing a 60:40 forage-to-concentrate ratio

Cited by 28 publications

References 40 publications

The effect of high polyphenol oxidase grass silage on metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and nitrogen across the rumen of beef steers1

The effect of high polyphenol oxidase grass silage on metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and nitrogen across the rumen of beef steers1

Furness’s First Farmers: Evidence of Early Neolithic Settlement and Dairying in Cumbria

Effect of changes in lipid classes during wilting and ensiling of red clover using two silage additives onin vitroruminal biohydrogenation

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