Effect of retinal defocus on basketball free throw shooting performance

Bulson, Ryan; Ciuffreda, Kenneth J.; Hayes, John R.; Ludlam, Diana P.

doi:10.1111/cxo.12267

Cited by 23 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Using the pinhole, one quarter of participants in whom clinical visual measures were gathered showed an improvement in distance visual acuity of one line or more on the ETDRS chart ( Table 4 ) which strongly suggests that, in these individuals, better VA may be achieved with appropriate (or more appropriate) visual correction. While some athletes may perform at a high level even with reduced VA [ 58 ], given the often large distance between the official and the play, sub-optimal VA could have a detrimental effect on the ability to gather the information needed to reach the correct decision. About 18% of the participants had an inter-eye difference in distance visual acuity of one line or more of the ETDRS chart, suggesting that these officials could benefit from a new or updated optical prescription for use on the pitch.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vision in high-level football officials

et al. 2017

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Officiating in football depends, at least to some extent, upon adequate visual function. However, there is no vision standard for football officiating and the nature of the relationship between officiating performance and level of vision is unknown. As a first step in characterising this relationship, we report on the clinically-measured vision and on the perceived level of vision in elite-level, Portuguese football officials. Seventy-one referees (R) and assistant referees (AR) participated in the study, representing 92% of the total population of elite level football officials in Portugal in the 2013/2014 season. Nine of the 22 Rs (40.9%) and ten of the 49 ARs (20.4%) were international-level. Information about visual history was also gathered. Perceived vision was assessed using the preference-values-assigned-to-global-visual-status (PVVS) and the Quality-of-Vision (QoV) questionnaire. Standard clinical vision measures (including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and stereopsis) were gathered in a subset (n = 44, 62%) of the participants. Data were analysed according to the type (R/AR) and level (international/national) of official, and Bonferroni corrections were applied to reduce the risk of type I errors. Adopting criterion for statistical significance of p<0.01, PVVS scores did not differ between R and AR (p = 0.88), or between national- and international-level officials (p = 0.66). Similarly, QoV scores did not differ between R and AR in frequency (p = 0.50), severity (p = 0.71) or bothersomeness (p = 0.81) of symptoms, or between international-level vs national-level officials for frequency (p = 0.03) or bothersomeness (p = 0.07) of symptoms. However, international-level officials reported less severe symptoms than their national-level counterparts (p<0.01). Overall, 18.3% of officials had either never had an eye examination or if they had, it was more than 3 years previously. Regarding refractive correction, 4.2% had undergone refractive surgery and 23.9% wear contact lenses when officiating. Clinical vision measures in the football officials were similar to published normative values for young, adult populations and similar between R and AR. Clinically-measured vision did not differ according to officiating level. Visual acuity measured with and without a pinhole disc indicated that around one quarter of participants may be capable of better vision when officiating, as evidenced by better acuity (≥1 line of letters) using the pinhole. Amongst the clinical visual tests we used, we did not find evidence for above-average performance in elite-level football officials. Although the impact of uncorrected mild to moderate refractive error upon officiating performance is unknown, with a greater uptake of eye examinations, visual acuity may be improved in around a quarter of officials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vision in high-level football officials

et al. 2017

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“…Erickson summarised information from several authors who advocated the benefits of correcting low refractive errors. Bulson et al demonstrated that small to moderate (1.50 D to 3.00 D) amounts of spherical myopic retinal defocus did not adversely affect basketball free throw shooting performance. The authors considered it likely that a basketball free throw is more resilient to retinal defocus than a basketball shot taken during live competition, because it represents a relatively non‐dynamic, non‐interactive task at a fixed distance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Static and dynamic visual acuity and refractive errors in elite football players

Jorge

Fernandes

2019

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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“…Mann and colleagues [ 25 , 26 ] found that low-to-moderate levels of simulated myopia did not affect cricket batting and there are other examples of resistance to defocus in other interceptive tasks [ 71 ] and in other sporting tasks (e.g. basketball [ 23 ], golf [ 24 ]). One interpretation of such findings, and of ours, is that while good or excellent vision may be desirable for elite sports, it may not be essential.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mansoor Ali Khan (1941–2011) became the captain of the Indian cricket team at the age of 21 having lost sight in one eye when aged 16 [ 21 ], and there are also questions about the vision of the legendary Babe Ruth [ 22 ]. Secondly, low to moderate levels of retinal-image blur, simulating uncorrected myopia, may not necessarily impact negatively on performance in sporting tasks [ 23 , 24 ], even in tasks where the visual demands are high [ 25 – 27 ]. Also, the uptake of eye care amongst elite-level athletes may be low; hence, suboptimal vision (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vision and Visual History in Elite/Near-Elite-Level Cricketers and Rugby-League Players

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe importance of optimal and/or superior vision for participation in high-level sports remains the subject of considerable clinical research interest. Here, we examine the vision and visual history of elite/near-elite cricketers and rugby-league players.MethodsStereoacuity (TNO), colour vision, and distance (with/without pinhole) and near visual acuity (VA) were measured in two cricket squads (elite/international-level, female, n = 16; near-elite, male, n = 23) and one professional rugby-league squad (male, n = 20). Refractive error was determined, and details of any correction worn and visual history were recorded.ResultsOverall, 63% had their last eye examination within 2 years. However, some had not had an eye examination for 5 years or had never had one (near-elite cricketers 30%; rugby-league players 15%; elite cricketers 6%). Comparing our results for all participants to published data for young, optimally corrected, non-sporting adults, distance VA was ~ 1 line of letters worse than expected. Adopting α = 0.01, the deficit in distance VA was significant, but only for elite cricketers (p < 0.001) (near-elite cricketers, p = 0.02; rugby-league players, p = 0.03). Near VA did not differ between subgroups or relative to published norms for young adults (p > 0.02 for all comparisons). On average, near stereoacuity was better than in young adults, but only in elite cricketers (p < 0.001; p = 0.03, near-elite cricketers; p = 0.47, rugby-league players). On-field visual issues were present in 27% of participants and mostly (in 75% of cases) comprised uncorrected ametropia. Some cricketers (near-elite 17.4%; elite 38%) wore refractive correction during play, but no rugby-league player did. Some individuals with prescribed correction choose not to wear it when playing.ConclusionsAside from near stereoacuity in elite cricketers, the basic visual abilities we measured were not better than equivalent, published data for optimally corrected adults; 20–25% exhibited sub-optimal vision, suggesting that the clearest possible vision might not be critical for participation at the highest levels in the sports of cricket or rugby league. Although vision could be improved in a sizeable proportion of our sample, the impact of correcting these, mostly subtle, refractive anomalies on playing performance is unknown.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40798-017-0106-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Effect of retinal defocus on basketball free throw shooting performance

Cited by 23 publications

References 24 publications

Vision in high-level football officials

Vision in high-level football officials

Static and dynamic visual acuity and refractive errors in elite football players

Vision and Visual History in Elite/Near-Elite-Level Cricketers and Rugby-League Players

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