Effect of Riluzole on Spinal Cord Regeneration with Hemisection Method Before Injury

Riluzole promotes neurological function recovery and inhibits damage extension in rats following spinal cord injury: a meta‐analysis and systematic review

“…; Caglar et al . ), one study close to the inclusion criteria caused disagreement, but was excluded due to use of the chronic model of SCI after discussion with the third reviewer (Hama and Sagen ), one combined riluzole with another treatment (Dulin et al . ), the data of three conference proceedings (Wu ; Wu et al .…”

“…After the removal of duplicates and performing title/ abstract screening, 29 papers were selected for full-text screening. Of the 19 publications excluded at the full-text level, nine did not report an outcome that met the inclusion criteria (Stutzmann et al 1996;Springer et al 1997;Zhang 1999;Lang-Lazdunski et al 2000;Mu et al 2000a;Hachem et al 2015;Sarkar et al 2016;Satkunendrarajah et al 2016;Shimizu et al 2018), three used a global ischemia or transection model of SCI (Kitzman 2009;Wu et al 2014;Caglar et al 2018), one study close to the inclusion criteria caused disagreement, but was excluded due to use of the chronic model of SCI after discussion with the third reviewer (Hama and Sagen 2011), one combined riluzole with another treatment (Dulin et al 2013), the data of three conference proceedings (Wu 2009;Wu et al 2010;Satkunendrarajah et al 2013) were part of Wu et al (2013Wu et al ( , 2014 respectively, one conference proceeding (Sarkar et al 2017) and Sarkar et al (2016) were the same study, and the data of the remaining article (Zhang et al 2001) was part of Zhang (1999). A total of 10 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis ( Figure 1; Mu et al 2000b;Schwartz and Fehlings 2001;Ates et al 2007;Satkunendrarajah and Fehlings 2012;Simard et al 2012;Wu et al 2013;Hosier et al 2015;Vasconcelos et al 2016;Can et al 2017;Martins et al 2018…”

Efficacy of riluzole in the treatment of spinal cord injury: a systematic review of the literature

“…Within the animal studies, there were significant therapeutic benefits of riluzole manifested by increased tissue sparing, 1,6,21,30,32,33,38,39,41,44,[46][47][48][49]55,57,58 decreased neuropathy, 5,24 improved motor function, 1,7,21,27,[32][33][34]38,44,[47][48][49]55 and reduction of aberrant electrophysiology. 5,47 Histological benefits of riluzole were often localized caudal to the injury epicenter.…”

“…1 Electrophysiological experiments have suggested a decrease in muscle spasm, 5 attenuation of altered reflex mechanisms, 47 and increase in amplitude of somatosensory evoked potentials. 58 Key findings within the animal data demonstrate spinal cord tissue sparing with cell survival after SCI, 1,6,33,[31][32][33][34]38,39,41,44,46,48,55,57,58 reduced inflam-matory mediators and sequelae, 7,49 improved locomotion, 1,7,21,27,30,[31][32][33][34]38,44,49,55 and decreased aberrant sensory responses. 5,24 A full description of animal studies and the results from these investigations can be found in Table 2.…”

“…Histopathological experiments have shown that after SCI, riluzole increased rostrocaudal and epicenter tissue sparing with decreased lesion volume, increased axonal sparing, and increased serotonergic fibers. 38,48,55 Other studies have shown an increase in glial cell and neuronal survival, 6,34,44,58 decrease in reactive oxygen species, 49 increase in synaptophysin expression in the ventral horn, 47 decrease in capillary fragmentation, 50 decrease in pyknosis and hypoplasia of ventral motor neurons, 49 decrease in lymphocytes and granulocytes, 7 increase in choline acetylcholine transferase staining in motor neurons, 21 decrease in lactate dehydrogenase, 23 decrease in TUNEL staining apoptotic neurons, 32,58,57 decrease in macrophages and microglia, 58 and decrease in lipid peroxidation and water content. 1 Electrophysiological experiments have suggested a decrease in muscle spasm, 5 attenuation of altered reflex mechanisms, 47 and increase in amplitude of somatosensory evoked potentials.…”