Effect of road deicing salt on the susceptibility of amphibian embryos to infection by water molds

Karraker, Nancy E.; Ruthig, Gregory R.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2008.09.001

Cited by 56 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…In addition to lethal effects, exposure of freshwater animals to elevated chloride concentrations in the 100s or 1,000s of mg/L can induce of a suite of sublethal effects. These effects include osmoregulatory disruption (Karraker & Gibbs, 2011a), diminished growth and development (Johnson et al., 2015), increased malformations and disease susceptibility (Brady, 2013; Hopkins, French, & Brodie, 2013; Karraker & Ruthig, 2009), and behavioral changes (Hall et al., 2017), all of which can influence fitness, community dynamics, and ecosystem function (Schuler et al., 2017; Van Meter & Swan, 2014). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporating evolutionary insights to improve ecotoxicology for freshwater species

Brady

Richardson

Kunz

2017

Evolutionary Applications

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Ecotoxicological studies have provided extensive insights into the lethal and sublethal effects of environmental contaminants. These insights are critical for environmental regulatory frameworks, which rely on knowledge of toxicity for developing policies to manage contaminants. While varied approaches have been applied to ecotoxicological questions, perspectives related to the evolutionary history of focal species or populations have received little consideration. Here, we evaluate chloride toxicity from the perspectives of both macroevolution and contemporary evolution. First, by mapping chloride toxicity values derived from the literature onto a phylogeny of macroinvertebrates, fish, and amphibians, we tested whether macroevolutionary relationships across species and taxa are predictive of chloride tolerance. Next, we conducted chloride exposure tests for two amphibian species to assess whether potential contemporary evolutionary change associated with environmental chloride contamination influences chloride tolerance across local populations. We show that explicitly evaluating both macroevolution and contemporary evolution can provide important and even qualitatively different insights from those obtained via traditional ecotoxicological studies. While macroevolutionary perspectives can help forecast toxicological end points for species with untested sensitivities, contemporary evolutionary perspectives demonstrate the need to consider the environmental context of exposed populations when measuring toxicity. Accounting for divergence among populations of interest can provide more accurate and relevant information related to the sensitivity of populations that may be evolving in response to selection from contaminant exposure. Our data show that approaches accounting for and specifically examining variation among natural populations should become standard practice in ecotoxicology.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporating evolutionary insights to improve ecotoxicology for freshwater species

Brady

Richardson

Kunz

2017

Evolutionary Applications

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“…This trend can be observed in various kinds of pathogenic agents, including helminth, myxozoan, bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens (McKenzie and Townsend 2007). The effects of increased resource availabilities are often complex and may involve responses in intermediate or vector hosts, often in combination with stressors that weaken host resistance to infection (Dror et al 2006, Bosch et al 2007, Flemming et al 2007, Rohr et al 2008b, Sahu et al 2008, Karraker and Ruthig 2009. However, the importance of inherent pathogen characteristics and host genetics relative to host condition is rarely clear (Flemming et al 2007, Sahoo et al 2008, Takahashi et al 2008, and recent findings challenge some of the previously assumed simplifications about microbial infections and host condition (Rohr et al 2008a) or about the social dynamics within pathogen communities (Ko¨hler et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated resource availability sufficient to turn opportunistic into virulent fish pathogens

Wedekind

Gessner

Vazquez

et al. 2010

Ecology

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Abstract. There is mounting evidence that organic or inorganic enrichment of aquatic environments increases the risk of infectious diseases, with disease agents ranging from helminth parasites to fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens. The causal link between microbial resource availability and disease risk is thought to be complex and, in the case of so-called ''opportunistic pathogens,'' to involve additional stressors that weaken host resistance (e.g., temperature shifts or oxygen deficiencies). In contrast to this perception, our experiment shows that the link between resource levels and infection of fish embryos can be very direct: increased resource availability can transform benign microbial communities into virulent ones. We find that embryos can be harmed before further stresses (e.g., oxygen depletion) weaken them, and treatment with antibiotics and fungicides cancels the detrimental effects. The changed characteristics of symbiotic microbial communities could simply reflect densitydependent relationships or be due to a transition in life-history strategy. Our findings demonstrate that simple microhabitat changes can be sufficient to turn ''opportunistic'' into virulent pathogens.

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“…To date, the eggs of Hyla regilla (Kiesecker & Blaustein 1995), R. clamitans (Karraker & Ruthig 2009) and Ambystoma maculatum (Gomez-Mestre et al 2006, Karraker & Ruthig 2009) have been found to be resistant to infection when exposed to water molds in controlled experiments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past several decades, amphibian species and populations have declined dramatically (Houlahan et al 2000, Stuart et al 2004) and the cause of many of these declines are due to the emergence of infectious diseases (Berger et al 1998, Kiesecker et al 2001a, Collins & Storfer 2003, Lips et al 2006. Although many types of microbes have been associated with dead and moribund amphibians encountered in the field, controlled experiments that test the ability of these microbes to infect otherwise healthy individuals are necessary to determine if they are the cause of death and should be of concern to conservation biologists (Koch 1932, Berger et al 1998, Romansic et al 2006, Karraker & Ruthig 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water molds of the genera Saprolegnia and Leptolegnia are pathogenic to the North American frogs Rana catesbeiana and Pseudacris crucifer, respectively

Ruthig

2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Effect of road deicing salt on the susceptibility of amphibian embryos to infection by water molds

Cited by 56 publications

References 52 publications

Incorporating evolutionary insights to improve ecotoxicology for freshwater species

Incorporating evolutionary insights to improve ecotoxicology for freshwater species

Elevated resource availability sufficient to turn opportunistic into virulent fish pathogens

Water molds of the genera Saprolegnia and Leptolegnia are pathogenic to the North American frogs Rana catesbeiana and Pseudacris crucifer, respectively

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