Effect of row spacing on vegetative structure, fruit characteristics and oil productivity of N–S and E–W oriented olive hedgerows

Trentacoste, Eduardo R.; Connor, David J.; Gómez-del-Campo, María

doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.07.013

Cited by 28 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Tree density can be increased by reducing distance between rows (inter-row spacing) and/or between trees within rows (intra-row spacing). Closer rows, that should allow radiation to reach the lowest part of the hedgerow, can be achieved with a ratio between canopy depth to free alley width close to unity (Trentacoste et al, 2015a ). To the present time, the response to intra-row in olive orchards has only been studied in combination with different inter-row distances (León et al, 2007 ; Larbi et al, 2012 ; Díez et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Orchards must be designed at the outset for inter- and intra-row tree spacing, row orientation and cultivar(s) because there are severe limits to change once the orchard is established. Each of those decisions can contribute to determination of productivity and oil quality (Trentacoste et al, 2015a , b ). In addition, tree density will affect profitability: first through the cost of planting and subsequent training of the trees in early years, and second through the time it takes the orchard to achieve maximum production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-term Effect of Intra-Row Spacing on Growth and Productivity of Super-High Density Hedgerow Olive Orchards (cv. Arbequina)

2017

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Intra-row spacing is known to determine early productivity of super-high density olive orchards depending on growing conditions, cultivar growth characteristics, planting geometry and subsequent pruning management but few experiments have been carried out in this olive hedgerow orchard design. In 2008 an experiment of 4-m spaced hedgerows was established with 8 intra-row spacings (from 1.0 to 2.5 m) in Toledo (Spain) resulting in orchards of density ranging from 2,500 to 1,000 trees ha−1. Tree growth was evaluated as height, trunk diameter and leaf area during the first 4 years. Hedgerow porosity was calculated from the 4th until the 9th year. In the 8th year hedgerow height, width, leaf area and branch angles were measured. Olives were harvested from 3rd to 9th year for measurements of fruit characteristics and productivity. Tree growth was not affected by intra-row spacing during the first 4 years. In the 8th year leaf area, external surface area and volume per tree were significantly greater in the more spaced trees; but hedgerow characteristics of leaf area per hectare, number of effective leaf layers horizontally through the hedgerow, and leaf density were not affected. In the more spaced trees insertion angles of branches to the vertical were significantly greater, mainly in the lower canopy. Intra-row spacing did not affect fruit characteristics. Oil production ha−1 decreased linearly with spacing during the first 4 harvests while production per tree increased significantly with spacing after the 3rd harvest. As a result, oil production ha−1 from the seven harvests combined only increased for tree spacing less than 1.2 m; wider spacing had no effect. Annual oil production ha−1 increased linearly as porosity was reduced by greater tree density and canopy development along the seasons.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term Effect of Intra-Row Spacing on Growth and Productivity of Super-High Density Hedgerow Olive Orchards (cv. Arbequina)

2017

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“…The model developed by Connor et al (2016) was used to calculate daily incident irradiance (mol PAR m -2 ) on each canopy position over the indicated 30-day period by averaging all daily values for that period. This model uses specific site and hedgerow parameters: latitude, day of year, hedge height, canopy width at base, row orientation, horizontal porosity and row spacing, previously described by Trentacoste et al (2015). It operates daily at short (10-15 min) intervals to calculate solar position, beam irradiance, diffuse sky and reflected components, which it then uses to determine the irradiance.…”

Section: Irradiance Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These intensive hedgerow orchards are known for their high yields in the early years after planting (León et al, 2007). This early yield advantage can, however, be lost with time, as trees fill their allotted space and light limitation intensifies (Trentacoste et al, 2015). To avoid potential yield reduction in the mature olive hedgerows, adequate hedgerow design and subsequent canopy management are needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olive inflorescence and flower development as affected by irradiance received in different positions of an east-west hedgerow

Moreno-Alías¹,

Trentacoste²,

Gómez-del-Campo³

et al. 2018

Acta Hortic.

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Olive tree productivity is highly responsive to radiation conditions, so understanding the responses of the developmental processes that determine yield, including inflorescence and flower differentiation, is essential for orchard design and management. This is particularly true in the new intensive hedgerow orchards, where radiation reception highly depends on canopy height and row orientation and spacing. In an east-west-oriented olive 'Arbequina' hedgerow located in Toledo (Spain), inflorescences were sampled from both sides (south and north) of the hedgerow canopy, at heights of 0-0.4, 0.8-1.2 and 1.6-2.0 m above the soil. Floral quality was determined at different levels of morphogenetic organization: inflorescence, flower, and ovary. Daily irradiance intercepted during 1 month before flowering by each canopy position was estimated using a model. The more highly illuminated south side received 31% more irradiance overall than the north side. Upper-layer irradiance was greater than the bottom layer, 4.0 and 1.5 times for the north and south sides, respectively. Inflorescence flower number and perfect flower proportion were similar at different heights on the south side. In contrast, north-side upper-layer inflorescences had more total flowers and perfect flowers than at lower hedgerow heights. At each height, perfect flower proportion was higher on the south than north side, while the remaining traits were similar between sides. Ovary tissue size, observed in histological preparations, did not vary among heights on each side, but was higher on the south than north side due to endocarp size. Simulated irradiance at flowering explained 90% of the observed variation of perfect flower number per inflorescence. Overall, the results emphasize the importance of irradiance at different hedgerow sides and heights on olive floral structures.

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“…When the terrain is flat and the space not limiting, the north-south (NS) orientation is usually sought in order to facilitate uniform light distribution into the fruiting zone (Naylor et al 2000, Tarara et al 2005). Vertical hedgerow systems-oriented NS clearly equilibrates the radiation load over both canopy sides during the course of the day, with more light being intercepted at early morning and late afternoon and lower radiation interception at midday when the sun hits the narrow top of the canopy (Poni et al 1999, Trentacoste et al 2015.…”

Section: Vineyard Row's Orientation Effects On Water-use Efficiency Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Field practices for adapting Mediterranean viticulture to climate change

Pueyo¹

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Field practices for adapting Mediterranean viticulture to climate change Mediterranean viticulture is being affected by climate change, which threatens wine typicity and, therefore, the whole viticulture sustainability. The main factors expected to affect grapevine cultivation are water scarcity, warm air temperature and the increase in the air carbon dioxide concentration, and impact of these factors will be mainly the: i) advancing of grapevine phenology, thereby decoupling berry technological and phenolic composition and ii) increasing vine water requirements. This PhD Thesis aimed at evaluating the effects of different field practices to adapt Mediterranean grapevine cultivation to climate change. Three experiments were performed in Valencia (Spain) to assess the effects of 1) regulated deficit irrigation; 2) training systems architecture and; 3) canopy management. The main responses evaluated were vineyard water-use efficiency (WUE) and grape composition. Experiment 1 was undertaken for three seasons in a drip-irrigated, cv. Muscat of Alexandria/161-49C vineyard to define the most sustainable irrigation strategy for white winegrapes in eastern Spain. For this, four treatments were tested: (i) Control, irrigated at 100% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for the entire season; (ii) sustained deficit irrigation (SDI), irrigated at 50% of Control; (iii) early deficit (ED), where pre-veraison irrigation was withheld, followed by 100% ETc; and (iv) late deficit (LD), irrigated as in the Control until veraison and thereafter at 25% ETc until harvest. Results showed that yield in ED and LD was reduced 25 and 15%, respectively, compared to that of the Control, while yield under SDI did not differ significantly from that of the Control and was similar to that of the ED and LD treatments. All the deficit irrigation treatments had some carry-over effects on vine performance due to a significant decrease in shoot fruitfulness and in cluster mass due to smaller berries. The ED treatment, however, led to a greater reduction in berry growth compared to that of LD. Full irrigation increased pruning mass and leaf area mainly due to larger secondary shoots, and delayed grape ripening as well. In conclusion, the SDI treatment resulted in the greatest WUE, ensuring the high yield potential of the cultivar, providing that a threshold value of the water stress integral of 35 MPa day during the periods from anthesis to veraison and from veraison to harvest was not surpassed. In addition, the SDI strategy favoured an improved grape composition, particularly in terms of grape sugar accumulation. Therefore, sustained deficit irrigation at 50% of ETc should be applied to cv. Muscat of Alexandria where water is scarce or expensive, paying close attention to possible carry-over effects if water withholding has to be continued for longer than three seasons. In experiment 2, the effects of sunlight interception through the vineyard row's orientations on WUE and grape composition were assessed. The trial was

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Effect of row spacing on vegetative structure, fruit characteristics and oil productivity of N–S and E–W oriented olive hedgerows

Cited by 28 publications

References 22 publications

Long-term Effect of Intra-Row Spacing on Growth and Productivity of Super-High Density Hedgerow Olive Orchards (cv. Arbequina)

Long-term Effect of Intra-Row Spacing on Growth and Productivity of Super-High Density Hedgerow Olive Orchards (cv. Arbequina)

Olive inflorescence and flower development as affected by irradiance received in different positions of an east-west hedgerow

Field practices for adapting Mediterranean viticulture to climate change

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