Effect of Ruhrstahl Heraeus Refining Time on Inclusions and Rolling Contact Fatigue Life of a High‐Carbon Chromium Bearing Steel

Li, Hao; Liu, Jianxun; Ren, Qiang; Zhang, Lifeng

doi:10.1002/srin.202200977

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…where d g is the bubble diameter, m; C D is the drag coefficient. In relation (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) proposed by Schiller-Nauman [53], when Re g > 1000, the value of the drag coefficient is 0.44. Where Re g is the Reynolds number of the bubble.…”

Section: Numerical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the production of high-quality steel such as silicon steel and ultra-low carbon steel, the Ruhrstahl-Heraeus (RH) vacuum refining technology has become the major secondary second refining process adopted by most steelmaking plants. The RH process integrates numerous functions such as decarburization, degassing, desulfurization [1,2], temperature compensation, homogenization of composition [3,4], and removal of inclusions [5][6][7][8][9]. The refining effect within the RH is closely related to the flow and mixing of the molten steel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical Simulation of the Density Effect on the Macroscopic Transport Process of Tracer in the Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH) Vacuum Degasser

Xu,

Ouyang,

Chen

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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Silicon steel (electrical steel) has been used in electric motors that are important components in sustainable new energy Electrical Vehicles (EVs). The Ruhrstahl–Heraeus process is commonly used in the refining process of silicon steel. The refining effect inside the RH degasser is closely related to the flow and mixing of molten steel. In this study, a 260 t RH was used as the prototype, and the transport process of the passive scalar tracer (virtual tracer) and salt tracer (considering density effect) was studied using numerical simulation and water model research methods. The results indicate that the tracer transports from the up snorkel of the down snorkel to the bottom of the ladle, and then upwards from the bottom of the ladle to the top of the ladle. Density and gravity, respectively, play a promoting and hindering role in these two stages. In different areas of the ladle, density and gravity play a different degree of promotion and obstruction. Moreover, in different regions of the ladle, the different circulation strength leads to the different promotion degrees and obstruction degrees of the density. This results in the difference between the concentration growth rate of the salt tracer and the passive scalar in different regions of the ladle top. From the perspective of mixing time, density and gravity have no effect on the mixing time at the bottom of the ladle, and the difference between the passive scalar and NaCl solution tracer is within the range of 1–5%. For a larger dosage of tracer case, the difference range is reduced. However, at the top of the ladle, the average mixing time for the NaCl solution case is significantly longer than that of the passive scalar case, within the range of 3–14.7%. For a larger dosage of tracer case, the difference range is increased to 17.4–41.1%. It indicates that density and gravity delay the mixing of substances at the top area of the ladle, and this should be paid more attention when adding denser alloys in RH degasser.

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Section: Numerical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Simulation of the Density Effect on the Macroscopic Transport Process of Tracer in the Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH) Vacuum Degasser

Xu,

Ouyang,

Chen

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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Inclusion Transfer Phenomenon under Unsteady Multiphase Flow during Rheinstahl–Heraeus Vacuum Treatment Process

Chen,

Yang,

Xiao

et al. 2024

steel research int.

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Inclusion particles are extremely harmful to the quality of steel products, and Rheinstahl–Heraeus (RH) vacuum treatment is the key process to remove the inclusions from molten steel. By coupling analyzing the unsteady gas–liquid flow and decarbonization reaction, the inclusion mass/population conservation model is developed to explore the inclusion particles transfer phenomenon during RH vacuum treatment process. The coupling mathematical models are validated by the metallurgical experimental data. The results show that the predicted inclusion mass concentration in unsteady CO–Ar–molten steel multiphase system has significantly smaller relative error than that in steady Ar–molten steel flow. CO bubble plays a key role in the inclusion transfer phenomenon, which prompts the inclusion transport, the collision‐aggregation, and the removal process. At the 4th minute of vacuum treatment, the average inclusion volume concentration and the average inclusion number density in CO–Ar–molten steel are 72.75% and 64.62% of those in Ar–molten steel, respectively. The average inclusion characteristic radius in CO–Ar–molten steel is 7.33% larger than that in Ar–molten steel.

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Effect of Ruhrstahl Heraeus Refining Time on Inclusions and Rolling Contact Fatigue Life of a High‐Carbon Chromium Bearing Steel

Cited by 2 publications

References 42 publications

Numerical Simulation of the Density Effect on the Macroscopic Transport Process of Tracer in the Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH) Vacuum Degasser

Numerical Simulation of the Density Effect on the Macroscopic Transport Process of Tracer in the Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH) Vacuum Degasser

Inclusion Transfer Phenomenon under Unsteady Multiphase Flow during Rheinstahl–Heraeus Vacuum Treatment Process

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