Effect of Saccharides Coating on Antibacterial Potential and Drug Loading and Releasing Capability of Plasma Treated Polylactic Acid Films

Abstract

More than half of the hospital-associated infections worldwide are related to the adhesion of bacteria cells to biomedical devices and implants. To prevent these infections, it is crucial to modify biomaterial surfaces to develop the antibacterial property. In this study, chitosan (CS) and chondroitin sulfate (ChS) were chosen as antibacterial coating materials on polylactic acid (PLA) surfaces. Plasma-treated PLA surfaces were coated with CS either direct coating method or the carbodiimide coupling method. As a next step for the combined saccharide coating, CS grafted samples were immersed in ChS solution, which resulted in the polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) formation. Also in this experiment, to test the drug loading and releasing efficiency of the thin film coatings, CS grafted samples were immersed into lomefloxacin-containing ChS solution. The successful modifications were confirmed by elemental composition analysis (XPS), surface topography images (SEM), and hydrophilicity change (contact angle measurements). The carbodiimide coupling resulted in higher CS grafting on the PLA surface. The coatings with the PEC formation between CS-ChS showed improved activity against the bacteria strains than the separate coatings. Moreover, these interactions increased the lomefloxacin amount adhered to the film coatings and extended the drug release profile. Finally, the zone of inhibition test confirmed that the CS-ChS coating showed a contact killing mechanism while drug-loaded films have a dual killing mechanism, which includes contact, and release killing.

Carboxymethylated and Sulfated Furcellaran from Furcellaria lumbricalis and Its Immobilization on PLA Scaffolds

“…Plasmating the surface changed the topographic properties, wettability, and increase surface area, resulting in more favorable adsorption of furcellaran derivated due to mechanical interlocking [ 21 ]. This phenomena is in a good agreement with other studies [ 18 , 19 ]. Additionally, a three-dimensional model defined by geometry, which closely mimics the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment is crucial for cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, mechano-responses, and cell survival [ 57 ].…”

“…Numerous techniques for surface functionalization have been employed to augment the bioactivity of PLA scaffolds. These include physical methods like plasma treatment, chemical processes such as aminolysis, and biological approaches like the coating and immobilization of biologically active molecules [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. In comparison to alternative methods, plasma technology offers distinct advantages, such as the utilization of non-toxic chemicals, processing devoid of heat, and modification without altering the bulk properties.…”

Bacterial Response to the Surface Aging of PLA Matrices Loaded with Active Compounds

“…In addition to magnesium, some metal ions or atoms, such as silver [19,20], zinc [20] or copper [20][21][22] are also used to give PLA antibacterial properties. In this respect, the bibliography illustrates the use of other dopants of the matrix [13] by reinforcing or by impregnating it [23], such as antibiotics [24,25], surfactants [26][27][28], nanoparticles [29][30][31] and natural biological materials [32,33].…”

Recent Progress in Modification and Preparations of the Promising Biodegradable Plastics: Polylactide and Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)

“…Reactive compatibilization of polymer blends like reactive extrusion can also be used to improve the compatibility of two immiscible polymers by coupling agents or interchange catalysts [149]. Silane coupling agents [150,151], carbodiimide coupling agents [152], isocyanate coupling agents [152][153][154], biscaprolactam coupling agents [154], epoxide coupling agents [154], anhydride coupling agents [155] and phosphite coupling agents [156] used for modification of PLAbased blends were summarized in Table 4. KH-570 and MDI have better effects on the reactive compatibilization of PLA.…”