Effect of salt crystallization ageing on the compressive behavior of sandstone blocks in historical buildings

Ludovico-Marques, Marco; Chastre, Carlos

doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2012.08.001

Cited by 50 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…4 that considered as cementing matrix were detected as traces compounds. Deterioration caused by salt can occur from a variety of sources [21]. The soluble salt in porous stone can be spread into the stone by rain or ground water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HONEYCOMB WEATHERING OF SANDSTONE OUTCROPS AT AL-HIJRv(MADA'IN SALIH), SAUDI ARABIA

Saleh

2013

Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HONEYCOMB WEATHERING OF SANDSTONE OUTCROPS AT AL-HIJRv(MADA'IN SALIH), SAUDI ARABIA

Saleh

2013

Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies

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“…2 Rock elastic wave velocity measurement process Fig. 3 The typical measurement process for the rock elastic wave velocity into CaSO 4 or Ca(NO 3 ) 2 when the particles encounter SO 2 or NO x in the presence of moisture [32,33]. Since the mineral grains in the sandstone were highly porous and of fine perforation, calcite and dolomite could corrode during weathering, possibly resulting in formation of gypsum [34].…”

Section: Morphologies and Chemical Compositions Of The Rock Powdermentioning

confidence: 99%

Acid solution decreases the compressional wave velocity of sandstone from the Yungang Grottoes, Datong, China

et al. 2019

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To understand the effects of an acidic environment on the internal structure of sandstone from the Yungang Grottoes, Datong, China, the physicochemical properties of fresh and weathered sandstone samples and their compressional wave (P-wave) velocities in response to different concentrations of H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 solution were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX) were used to determine grain morphology and chemical composition. The results show that the sandstone, which mainly consists of silicon dioxide and calcium carbonate, became more complicated in composition after weathering. A nonmetallic ultrasonic detector was used to measure the P-wave velocities of sandstones in a natural state and soaked with ultrapure water and with H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 at concentrations of 0.2 mol L −1 , 0.4 mol L −1 , and 0.8 mol L −1 , respectively. For the acid-treated groups, with increasing acidity, P-wave velocity decreased significantly, compressive strength decreased and effective porosity increased; these behaviours are different from those of the water-treat group, implying that the acid solutions damaged the microstructure of the sandstone. The results suggest that the deterioration risk of H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 , or sulfates and nitrates converted from ambient SO 2 , NO x and PM 2.5 , on the stone relics in the Yungang Grottoes should be a cause for concern.

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“…There are four varieties of sandstones found in monuments [2,7] and they are classified as lithic arkose with carbonate cement [10]. The A and B varieties have about 34%-40% carbonates and 30%-32% quartz.…”

Section: Mineralogical Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of salt weathering include cracks and deformation, detachment, and features induced by material loss. Alveolization or honeycomb weathering is visible on the medieval St. Leonard's church [2,7] and is an outstanding example of the latter stone-weathering pattern. Dimension blocks of St. Leonard's church show widespread cavities connected to each other with several of them more than 10 cm long and deep ( Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

Consolidation works on sandstone monuments: A new approach

Ludovico-Marques

Chastre

2018

Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis

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Portugal is the home of some very important buildings and monuments where natural stone is the predominant material, for example, in castles, churches, and palaces. Sandstones use is common in traditional buildings in western regions of Portugal (Peniche and Lourinhã) and in Algarve (Silves). The International Council on Monuments and Sites-International Scientific Committee for Stone (ICOMOS-ISCS) [1] describes stone degradation patterns on monuments and ancient buildings. All of five families of ICOMOS-ISCS [1] patterns were found in the facades of the medieval monuments of Atouguia da Baleia, in Peniche [2]: crack and deformation; detachment; features induced by material loss, discoloration, and deposits; biological colonization. All porous building materials are reached by salt weathering effects near the shoreline and in desert environments. The seawater is the source of sodium chloride salt, absorbed by capillarity from the water table below foundations and by salt spray that reaches building facades. Salt effect on porous building materials is visible even at a distance of about 3-5 km from the coast, besides the decrease of circa 30%-50% on chlorides concentration in total deposition [3]. The oldest known reference about salt effects on buildings in desert environments belongs to Herodotus and was written in fifth century before common era (BCE). The Greek historian reported that salts injured the pyramids, cited in Ref. [4]. Lucas cited in Ref. [5] referred to sodium chloride as playing the most important leading role in the majority of conservation and restoration works on sandstones and limestones of dry environments-namely, in Egypt-followed by sulfates, carbonates, and nitrates. A recent report indicates general salt damage occurrence on the buildings of the Jazirat Al Hamra area in United Arab Emirates [6], a town located near the shoreline and in a desert environment.

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Effect of salt crystallization ageing on the compressive behavior of sandstone blocks in historical buildings

Cited by 50 publications

References 12 publications

HONEYCOMB WEATHERING OF SANDSTONE OUTCROPS AT AL-HIJRv(MADA'IN SALIH), SAUDI ARABIA

HONEYCOMB WEATHERING OF SANDSTONE OUTCROPS AT AL-HIJRv(MADA'IN SALIH), SAUDI ARABIA

Acid solution decreases the compressional wave velocity of sandstone from the Yungang Grottoes, Datong, China

Consolidation works on sandstone monuments: A new approach

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