Effect of salt crystallization on stones of historical buildings and monuments, Konya, Central Turkey

Zedef, Veysel; Koçak, Kerim; Döyen, Adnan; Özşen, Hakan; Kekeç, Bilgehan

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.12.010

Cited by 43 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The EDXRF has higher counting rates but sensibly lower energy resolution (typically 150-200 eV). As a consequence, EDXRF systems are often used to carry out fast low-resolution measurements [229,230], but WDXRF systems is commonly used for off-line and high-resolution analysis in the laboratory. Being compared with other spectrometers, both EDXRF and WDXRF require longer counting times and/or larger amounts of samples.…”

Section: X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress in instrumental techniques for architectural heritage materials

et al. 2019

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Both conservation and intervention methods must be compatible with each other and appropriate for the original building materials. Therefore, the characterization of historic building materials is indispensable for investigating chemical composition, micro-structure and morphological features to study the current condition, environmental influence and change mechanism due to natural aging or man-made decay processes. Given the great variety of chemicals which can be analyzed, complex problems related to architectural heritage materials are investigated via optimized methodologies. Among the existing techniques, optical microscopy (OM) is an inexpensive and dominating tool to obtain preliminary information on complex samples. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can provide real three-dimensional topographies showing sample surface properties. Electron microscopes combined with energy dispersion X-ray analysis (EM-EDX) are the instruments specifically developed to acquire images of target materials at high magnification. Infrared and Raman spectroscopies are frequently used to characterize inorganic and organic compounds. Thermal analysis can rapidly and accurately measure changes in crystalline structure, dehydration and decomposition. X-ray based technologies have a wide range of applications as follows. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is one of the most frequently used techniques for elemental analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a fast and inexpensive technique for the characterization of man-made and natural materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is applied to quantify the valence and electronic levels of specific elements. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful technique for detecting the electronic structure of matter. UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy is also of great importance in architectural heritage, which can reveal different physicochemical mechanisms causing color. Laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) can effectively eliminate the pollution on the surface and detect the internal elements of the target material. Ion beam analysis can quantify trace elements with high sensitivity. Mass-based techniques are mainly applied to identify unknown organic substances at the molecular level. This review describes some classical applications of individual techniques and provides scientific support for scientists and engineers to make decisions in the context of architectural heritage.

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Section: X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress in instrumental techniques for architectural heritage materials

et al. 2019

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“…Although the test is standardized (RILEM 1980;ASTM 2013), there exist some differences in drying temperatures applied during the test for the aim of simulating the correct environmental conditions of the stone. In the literature, the tests were performed with different drying temperatures such as 20°C (Vacchiano et al 2008), 10-40°C (Benavente et al 1999;Warke and Smith 2007), 18-30°C (Cardell et al 2008), 5-50°C (Angeli et al 2010), 23-37°C (Gomez-Heras andFort 2007), 60°C (Grossi et al 1997;Benavente et al 2001;Rothert et al 2007;Ruedrich and Siegesmund 2007;Yavuz and Topal 2007;Zedef et al 2007;Topal et al 2015), 104°C (Ordónez et al 1997) and 105°C (Topal and Doyuran 1998;Topal and Sözmen 2003;Adriani and Walsh 2007;Van et al 2007;Angeli et al 2007Angeli et al , 2008Beck and Al-Mukhtar 2010;Erdogan and Ö zvan 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of different drying temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties of some marbles (Muğla, Turkey) during salt crystallization tests

Yavuz

Topal

2016

Environ Earth Sci

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This study aims to understand the effects of drying temperatures during sodium sulphate salt crystallization tests on the physico-mechanical properties of some Mugla marbles. Four commercially available and extensively used Turkish marbles, namely Mugla white, Milas white, Derebag white and Milas Pearl, having different textural properties were subjected to sodium sulphate salt crystallization tests with 30, 60 and 100°C drying temperatures. The change in the physico-mechanical properties of the marbles including weight, dry and saturated unit weights, water absorption, effective porosity, dry and saturated sonic velocities and dry uniaxial compressive strength has been determined for various stages of the salt crystallization tests. The results were evaluated in terms of drying temperatures and the textural properties of the marbles. Based on the test results, the salt crystallization with the drying temperature of 100°C causes significant damage to all marbles. However, the drying temperature of the test at 60°C gives rise to moderate damage, whereas the drying of the marbles at 30°C gives the least damage. Therefore, the drying temperature of the salt crystallization tests should be less than 60°C and preferably around 30°C in order to avoid additional thermal effects on marbles. Furthermore, the fine-gained Milas pearl marble with irregular grain boundary is found to be the most resistant one against the salt crystallization.

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“…Although there are studies in the literature on the engineering properties of Sille stone (Ozdemir, 2002) and the deterioration processes of the rock by rapid deterioration tests (freeze-thaw and salt crystallization) (Fener and Ince, 2015;Zedef, Kocak, Doyen, Ozsen, and Kekec, 2007), there are no studies on the deterioration processes of this stone used in historical monuments. In this study, deteriorations on the Sille Mısırlıoğlu Bridge, which is one of the monuments where load and humidityrelated damages are observed intensively, were tried to be determined with NDT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Determination of Deteriorations on the Mısırlıoğlu Bridge (Konya, Turkey) by Non-Destructive Techniques (NDT)

Tosunlar

Hatır

İnce³

et al. 2018

ICONARP

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Transportation has been one of the basic requirements of humanity since the earliest periods of civilization. One of the architectural structures designed to meet this requirement is historic stone bridges. One of the most important stages in these conservation works is the assessment of materials that constitute the structures. Non-destructive testing techniques (NDT) are widely used to obtain qualitative data and also make comparisons. In this study, it was aimed to determine deteriorations on the Mısırlıoğlu Bridge located in Sille settlement of Konya by NDT technique and to form the map from obtained values to perform conservation works. As a result of the analyses performed, considerable deteriorations in the building stones used in the abutments and arches of the structure were determined. Besides, it is detected that uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) value of the fresh samples is high (UCS: 61 MPa) while UCS values of the building stones used at the bridge decrease in the range of low and high (8-51 MPa) due to the atmospheric effects.

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Effect of salt crystallization on stones of historical buildings and monuments, Konya, Central Turkey

Cited by 43 publications

References 9 publications

Recent progress in instrumental techniques for architectural heritage materials

Recent progress in instrumental techniques for architectural heritage materials

Effects of different drying temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties of some marbles (Muğla, Turkey) during salt crystallization tests

The Determination of Deteriorations on the Mısırlıoğlu Bridge (Konya, Turkey) by Non-Destructive Techniques (NDT)

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