Effect of salt on the performance of drag reducers in slickwater fracturing fluids

Nguyen, Tan; Romero, Brittni Briann; Vinson, E.F.; Wiggins, H.

doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2018.01.006

Cited by 38 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Salt‐containing formation water or fracturing flow‐back water should be utilized effectively. Although some literatures have declared that flow‐back water is of low utilization value in some cases, DR in brine is also an aspect that cannot be ignored in order to make full use of flow‐back water and reduce cost of fresh water . Here, 20 L aqueous solution containing 600 g NaCl was adopted as simulate brine, DRA was added into the brine, and friction was measured as mentioned above.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using water‐miscible nonionic hydrophobic monomer associating HPAM as drag reducing agent

Jing¹,

Liu²,

Li³

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A water‐miscible nonionic surfmer (AC‐TX100) was synthesized based on Triton X‐100 and acryloyl chloride. Then, a terpolymer P(AM/AA/AC‐TX100) was synthesized by free radical polymerization in aqueous solution and intended to be used as drag reducing agent (DRA). The DRA was defined to be P(AM87.32/AA12.46/AC‐TX1000.22) according to 1H NMR and elemental analysis, the molecular weight was 2.12 × 106 g/mol according to scattering method. DRA shows excellent performance in drag reduction (DR). The highest DR rate of 76% can be obtained when DRA concentration is 0.023% in fresh water; while in brine containing 3% NaCl, DR rate decreases, and it is necessary to increase the concentration to 0.05% to ensure that DR rate is higher than 70%. SEM and cryo‐TEM show that DRA forms a network structure in aqueous solution, and the tightness of this structure has a direct influence on DR performance. Specifically, DRA molecules stretch into the whirlpools generated by water at high flow rates, reducing the quantity and intensity of whirlpools, thereby lowering the energy loss and the friction. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48362.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using water‐miscible nonionic hydrophobic monomer associating HPAM as drag reducing agent

Jing¹,

Liu²,

Li³

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Owing to their high water solubility, reactive pendant groups, and low cost, polyacrylamide (PAM) and its derivatives are the most extensively employed friction reducers for slick-water hydrofracking [13,[19][20][21]. The drag reduction performance of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) in a closed flow loop was investigated by Habibpour et al [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turbulent Drag Reduction with an Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Water-Soluble Polymer in Slick-Water Hydrofracking

et al. 2022

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Water-soluble polymers as drag reducers have been widely utilized in slick-water for fracturing shale oil and gas reservoirs. However, the low viscosity characteristics, high operating costs, and freshwater consumption of conventional friction reducers limit their practical use in deeper oil and gas reservoirs. Therefore, a high viscosity water-soluble friction reducer (HVFR), poly-(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid-co-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid), was synthesized via free radical polymerization in aqueous solution. The molecular weight, solubility, rheological behavior, and drag reduction performance of HVFR were thoroughly investigated. The results showed that the viscosity-average molecular weight of HVFR is 23.2 × 106 g⋅mol−1. The HVFR powder could be quickly dissolved in water within 240 s under 700 rpm. The storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) as well as viscosity of the solutions increased with an increase in polymer concentration. At a concentration of 1700 mg⋅L−1, HVFR solution shows 67% viscosity retention rate after heating from 30 to 90 °C, and the viscosity retention rate of HVFR solution when increasing CNaCl to 21,000 mg⋅L−1 is 66%. HVFR exhibits significant drag reduction performance for both low viscosity and high viscosity. A maximum drag reduction of 80.2% is attained from HVFR at 400 mg⋅L−1 with 5.0 mPa⋅s, and drag reduction of HVFR is 75.1% at 1700 mg⋅L−1 with 30.2 mPa⋅s. These findings not only indicate the prospective use of HVFR in slick-water hydrofracking, but also shed light on the design of novel friction reducers utilized in the oil and gas industry.

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“…The polymers utilised in hydraulic fracturing operations depend on the environmental conditions. Anionic PAM have a better performance in a fresh water environment (Sun 2014;Rodvelt et al, 2015), whereas cationic PAM have demonstrated an enhanced performance at high salinity scenario (Rimassa et al, 2009;Nguyen et al, 2018). The potential advantages provided by friction reducer also include reduced chemical usage, fewer environmental concerns, and decreased water consumption (Geri et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of polyacrylamide friction reducer on calcite dissolution rate at 25 °C and implication for hydraulic fracturing

Walkinshaw

Belshaw

et al. 2021

Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering

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Hydraulic fracturing is widely used to create cracks and increase the size and connectivity of existing fractures, leading to higher permeability of shale rocks and production of unconventional hydrocarbon sources. The main chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing fluids can initiate fractures in shale reservoirs by acid induced carbonate dissolution, and minimise energy loss during the pumping process by friction reducer enhanced fluid viscosity. Here, using batch reactor experiments we investigate the effect of non-ionic polyacrylamide polymer (friction reducer) on the dissolution rate of calcite in acidic solutions (0.2 M buffer solution of sodium acetate/acetic acid) at 25 °C. The results demonstrate that polyacrylamide (from 0 to 30 mg) slows down the dissolution rate by a factor of 4. Hydrogen bonding and surface complexation between non-ionic polyacrylamide and calcite potentially trigger an adsorption mechanism that protects calcite from dissolving.This research provides new insights into friction reducer (polyacrylamide) influenced pore generation, enabling engineers to optimise the fracturing fluid design (amount of polyacrylamide) and to consider suitable actions to prevent the polymer from having a negative impact on productivity.

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Effect of salt on the performance of drag reducers in slickwater fracturing fluids

Cited by 38 publications

References 3 publications

Using water‐miscible nonionic hydrophobic monomer associating HPAM as drag reducing agent

Using water‐miscible nonionic hydrophobic monomer associating HPAM as drag reducing agent

Turbulent Drag Reduction with an Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Water-Soluble Polymer in Slick-Water Hydrofracking

Effect of polyacrylamide friction reducer on calcite dissolution rate at 25 °C and implication for hydraulic fracturing

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