Effect of sanitation facilities, domestic solid waste disposal and hygiene practices on water quality in Malawi’s urban poor areas: a case study of South Lunzu Township in the city of Blantyre

Palamuleni, Lobina G.

doi:10.1016/s1474-7065(02)00079-7

Cited by 48 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…The range of pH values recorded comply with the Malawi Standards (MBS) maximum permissible levels (MPL), i.e., range 6.0-9.5, for borehole water supplies (MBS, 2005). The pH and temperatures recorded are in accordance with those expected for borehole water supplies in Malawi (Chilton and Smith-Carington, 1984;McFarlane and Bowden, 1992;Palamuleni, 2002;Sajidu et al, 2008) and Africa (Langenegge, 1994;Bordalo and SavvaBordalo, 2007).…”

Section: Physical Characteristics Of Borehole Water Samplessupporting

confidence: 81%

Classification and quality of groundwater supplies in the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi – Part 1: Physico-chemical quality of borehole water supplies in Chikhwawa, Malawi

Grimason¹,

Morse²,

Beattie³

et al. 2013

WSA

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This paper presents data on the physico-chemical quality of groundwater supplies in Chikhwawa, Malawi. Eighty-four water samples were collected and analysed for a range of chemical constituents (Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V, Zn, K, Na,Cl -, F -, NO 3 -, SO 4 2-), pH, temperature, electrical conductivity and turbidity, from 28 boreholes located in 25 remote, rural villages (n=3 per village) distributed along the east (n=15) and west (n=10) banks of the Shire River. Samples were collected every 2 months during the wet season, over a period of 5 months (December to April). Results were compared with national (Malawi Bureau of Standards Maximum Permissible Levels (MBS MPL)) and international (World Health Organization Guideline Values (WHO GV)) drinking-water standards. In general, most parameters complied with the Malawi Bureau of Standards Maximum Permissible Levels (MBS MPL) for borehole water supplies. The MBS MPL standards for iron, sodium and nitrate were slightly exceed at a few boreholes, technically rendering the water supply unwholesome but not necessarily unfit for human consumption. In contrast, significantly high nitrate (< 200 mg/ℓ) and fluoride (< 5 mg/ℓ) concentrations at levels which constitute a significant risk to the health of the consumer were detected in borehole samples in a number of villages and warrant further investigation. Water committee members complained of problems associated with taste (saltiness or bitterness) and appearance (discoloured water) primarily on the west bank, presumably as a result of the high sodium and chloride levels, and precipitation of soluble iron and manganese, respectively. This resulted in some water collectors reverting to the use of surface water sources to obtain drinking-water, a practice which should be dissuaded through the education of water and village health committees.

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Section: Physical Characteristics Of Borehole Water Samplessupporting

confidence: 81%

Classification and quality of groundwater supplies in the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi – Part 1: Physico-chemical quality of borehole water supplies in Chikhwawa, Malawi

Grimason¹,

Morse²,

Beattie³

et al. 2013

WSA

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“…Nevertheless, it is recognised that water derived from borehole sources in rural Malawi is undoubtedly superior in quality to other protected (e.g. capped wells) and unprotected (shallow wells, rivers) drinking-water sources (Palamuleni, 2002;Pritchard et al, 2007;Mkandawire and Banda, 2010).…”

Section: Iron Manganese and Zinc Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification and quality of groundwater supplies in the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi – Part 2: Classification of borehole water supplies in Chikhwawa, Malawi

Grimason¹,

Beattie²,

Masangwi³

et al. 2013

WSA

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This paper compares data gathered from a study of the chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking-water from 28 rural borehole supplies in Chikhwawa, Malawi, with a tiered classification scheme (Class 0 being ideal through to Class III being unsuitable for drinking without prior treatment) developed by investigators from the Institute for Water Quality Studies, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa. In general, the majority of borehole water supplies were classified as Class 0 or Class I supplies based upon the chemical analysis and bacteriological examination. However the classification of a borehole water supply was variable and depended upon the parameter, date of sampling and whether or not it was based on the mean or individual concentration. A number of boreholes were classified as II or III as they contained elevated levels of fluoride and nitrate suggesting that consumption over short or prolonged periods of time may lead to adverse or serious health effects, such as skeletal fluorosis in adults and methaemoglobinaemia in infants. Research is required to develop practicable, affordable and sustainable methods to enable villagers to treat Class II/III water supplies and improve the quality of their drinking-water to a class suitable for human consumption.

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“…In dense urban settings that lack sewerage, groundwater is vulnerable to contamination by pit latrines, poorly maintained septic systems, and other sources of pollution. [3][4][5] Consumption of commercial packaged water has grown markedly in Africa, and studies of water quality have shown they often have lower levels of fecal contamination than other sources. [6][7][8][9] In a previous study of water sources and water quality in the urban region of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, we found that < 1% of the population had access to piped water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 Although sanitation and other sources of pollution can affect water quality, the effects of nearby sanitation facilities and other factors (e.g., well construction and maintenance, other sources of pollution) vary in different contexts. [3][4][5][11][12][13] However, we collected these data during the dry season. Previous research indicates that drinking water quality is influenced by changing weather patterns, with microbial water quality usually deteriorating in the rainy season.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variation in Drinking and Domestic Water Sources and Quality in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Kumpel¹,

Cock-Esteb²,

Duret

et al. 2017

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. We compared dry and rainy season water sources and their quality in the urban region of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Representative sampling indicated that municipal water supplies represent < 1% of the water sources. Residents rely on privately constructed and maintained boreholes that are supplemented by commercially packaged bottled and sachet drinking water. Contamination by thermotolerant coliforms increased from 21% of drinking water sources in the dry season to 42% of drinking water sources in the rainy season (N = 356 and N = 397). The most significant increase was in sachet water, which showed the lowest frequencies of contamination in the dry season compared with other sources (15%, N = 186) but the highest frequencies during the rainy season (59%, N = 76). Only half as many respondents reported drinking sachet water in the rainy season as in the dry season. Respondents primarily used flush or pour-flush toilets connected to septic tanks (85%, N = 399). The remainder relied on pit latrines and hanging (pier) latrines that drained into surface waters. We found significant associations between fecal contamination in boreholes and the nearby presence of hanging latrines. Sanitary surveys of boreholes showed that more than half were wellconstructed, and we did not identify associations between structural or site deficiencies and microbial water quality. The deterioration of drinking water quality during the rainy season is a serious public health risk for both untreated groundwater and commercially packaged water, highlighting a need to address gaps in monitoring and quality control.

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Effect of sanitation facilities, domestic solid waste disposal and hygiene practices on water quality in Malawi’s urban poor areas: a case study of South Lunzu Township in the city of Blantyre

Cited by 48 publications

References 0 publications

Classification and quality of groundwater supplies in the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi – Part 1: Physico-chemical quality of borehole water supplies in Chikhwawa, Malawi

Classification and quality of groundwater supplies in the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi – Part 1: Physico-chemical quality of borehole water supplies in Chikhwawa, Malawi

Classification and quality of groundwater supplies in the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi – Part 2: Classification of borehole water supplies in Chikhwawa, Malawi

Seasonal Variation in Drinking and Domestic Water Sources and Quality in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

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