Effect of sea and distilled water conditioning on the overall mechanical properties of carbon nanotube/epoxy composites

Bal, Smrutisikha; Saha, Sunirmal

doi:10.1177/1056789515615184

Cited by 33 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Figure 1 shows the water uptake in terms of percentage of the initial weight for the in-bulk cured samples at each condition. The graph is in good agreement with the typical behavior of water uptake for this kind of samples, previously stated in other studies [38,41,42]. It is observed that water uptake is more prevalent in the initial stages and then the weight gain is going less significant until the water saturation is reached at 2 weeks of aging.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The water uptake generally induces the creation of weak hydrogen bonds, leading to a swelling of the polymer chains and causing, thus, a drastic reduction of the physical properties. This effect is called plasticization and is detrimental to the mechanical properties [41]. However, after this initial stage, a slight recovery is generally observed.…”

Section: Electrical Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrical Monitoring as a Novel Route to Understanding the Aging Mechanisms of Carbon Nanotube-Doped Adhesive Film Joints

et al. 2020

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Carbon fiber-reinforced plastic bonded joints with novel carbon nanotube (CNT) adhesive films were manufactured and tested under different aging conditions by varying the surfactant content added to enhance CNT dispersion. Single lap shear (SLS) tests were conducted in their initial state and after 1 and 2 months immersed in distilled water at 60 °C. In addition, their electrical response was measured in terms of the electrical resistance change through thickness. The lap shear strength showed an initial decrease due to plasticization of weak hydrogen bonds, and then a partial recovery due to secondary crosslinking. This plasticization effect was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry analysis with a decrease in the glass transition temperature. The electrical response varied with aging conditions, showing a higher plasticity region in the 1-month SLS joints, and a sharper increase in the case of the non-aged and 2-month-aged samples; these changes were more prevalent with increasing surfactant content. By adjusting the measured electrical data to simple theoretical calculations, it was possible to establish the first estimation of damage accumulation, which was higher in the case of non-aged and 2-month-aged samples, due to the presence of more prevalent brittle mechanisms for the CNT-doped joints.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Electrical Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Monitoring as a Novel Route to Understanding the Aging Mechanisms of Carbon Nanotube-Doped Adhesive Film Joints

et al. 2020

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“…Similar exotherms corresponding to unreacted epoxy were observed in cycle 1 for all the exposed specimens (Fig. S9), which suggests the absence of additional secondary cross-linking reactions between water and unreacted epoxides, often observed during long term hydrothermal experiments [43], [46]. …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

Enhanced durability of carbon nanotube grafted hierarchical ceramic microfiber-reinforced epoxy composites

Krishnamurthy

Hunston

Forster

et al. 2017

Carbon

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As carbon nanotube (CNT) infused hybrid composites are increasingly identified as next-generation aerospace materials, it is vital to evaluate their long-term structural performance under aging environments. In this work, the durability of hierarchical, aligned CNT grafted aluminoborosilicate microfiber-epoxy composites (CNT composites) are compared against baseline aluminoborosilicate composites (baseline composites), before and after immersion in water at 25 °C (hydro) and 60 °C (hydrothermal), for extended durations (90 d and 180 d). The addition of CNTs is found to reduce water diffusivities by approximately 1.5 times. The mechanical properties (bending strength and modulus) and the damage sensing capabilities (DC conductivity) of CNT composites remain intact regardless of exposure conditions. The baseline composites show significant loss of strength (44 %) after only 15 d of hydrothermal aging. This loss of mechanical strength is attributed to fiber-polymer interfacial debonding caused by accumulation of water at high temperatures. In situ acoustic and DC electrical measurements of hydrothermally aged CNT composites identify extensive stress-relieving micro-cracking and crack deflections that are absent in the aged baseline composites. These observations are supported by SEM images of the failed composite cross-sections that highlight secondary matrix toughening mechanisms in the form of CNT pullouts and fractures which enhance the service life of composites and maintain their properties under accelerated aging environments.

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“…Besides, hygroscopic stress at the CNT/epoxy interface due to the higher affinity of epoxy toward water due to the presence of OH group, than CNTs, could also generate microscopic debonded zones. [ 30,52 ] These micro‐cracks act as a new possible route for accelerated water absorption due to their capillary action.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of repeated hydrothermal cycling on the durability of glass fiber/epoxy composites with and without carbon nanotube reinforcement

et al. 2021

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Enhancing the performance of polymeric composites by incorporating carbon nanotube (CNT) is a current research trend. In this article, the performance of glass fiber reinforced epoxy (GE) composite with and without CNT has been observed under repeated hydrothermal cycling (HC) between 15 and 50°C water baths. Before carrying out the HC, the optimum concentration of CNT in the GE composite was obtained by flexural test. This study first confirms that the addition of 0.1 wt% of CNTs resulted in a 6.68% and 6.47% increment in flexural strength and modulus compared to neat GE composite. Alteration in the performance of the neat GE and 0.1 wt% CNT‐GE was then analyzed after performing HC for 20, 40, and 60 cycles by conducting mechanical (flexural), thermomechanical (dynamic mechanical thermal analysis [DMA]), chemical (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy [FTIR]) and fractographic (scanning electron microscopy [SEM]) analysis. Degradation in the mechanical performance of the CNT embedded GE composite was found to be faster than the neat one with the increasing number of HC. The possible reason has been explained based on the evidence obtained from DMA, FTIR, and SEM analysis.

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Effect of sea and distilled water conditioning on the overall mechanical properties of carbon nanotube/epoxy composites

Cited by 33 publications

References 28 publications

Electrical Monitoring as a Novel Route to Understanding the Aging Mechanisms of Carbon Nanotube-Doped Adhesive Film Joints

Electrical Monitoring as a Novel Route to Understanding the Aging Mechanisms of Carbon Nanotube-Doped Adhesive Film Joints

Enhanced durability of carbon nanotube grafted hierarchical ceramic microfiber-reinforced epoxy composites

Effect of repeated hydrothermal cycling on the durability of glass fiber/epoxy composites with and without carbon nanotube reinforcement

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