Effect of sea salt and calcium carbonate interactions with nitric acid on the direct dry deposition of nitrogen to Tampa Bay, Florida

Evans, Melissa; Campbell, Scott W.; Bhethanabotla, Venkat R.; Poor, Noreen

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.05.046

Cited by 45 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The reactions of NaCl and CaCO 3 with HNO 3 are both considered rapid with the latter being several orders of magnitude higher than the former (Evans et al, 2004). Consequently, in the presence of relatively higher levels of mineral dust, the reaction of CaCO 3 with HNO 3 leading to the formation of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 is expected to predominate (Laskin et al, 2005).…”

Section: Pm10-25 Coarse Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass concentration and ion composition of coarse and fine particles in an urban area in Beirut: effect of calcium carbonate on the absorption of nitric and sulfuric acids and the depletion of chloride

Kouyoumdjian

Saliba

2006

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Levels of coarse (PM10-2.5) and fine (PM2.5) particles were determined between February 2004 and January 2005 in the city of Beirut, Lebanon. While low PM mass concentrations were measured in the rainy season, elevated levels were detected during sand storms originating from Arabian desert and/or Africa. Using ATR-FTIR and IC, it was shown that nitrate, sulfate, carbonate and chloride were the main anionic constituents of the coarse particles, whereas sulfate was mostly predominant in the fine particles in the form of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . Ammonium nitrate was not expected to be important because the medium was defined as ammonium poor. In parallel, the cations Ca 2+ and Na + dominated in the coarse, and NH + 4 , Ca 2+ and Na + in the fine particles. Coarse nitrate and sulfate ions resulted from the respective reactions of nitric and sulfuric acid with a relatively high amount of calcium carbonate. Both CaCO 3 and Ca(NO 3 ) 2 crystals identified by ATR-FTIR in the coarse particles were found to be resistant to soaking in water for 24 h but became water soluble when they were formed in the fine particles suggesting, thereby, different growth and adsorption phenomena. The seasonal variational study showed that nitrate and sulfate ion concentrations increased in the summer due to the enhancement of photochemical reactions which facilitated the conversion of NO 2 and SO 2 gases into NO − 3 and SO 2− 4 , respectively. While nitrate was mainly due to local heavy traffic, sulfates were due to local and long-range transport phenomena. Using the air mass trajectory HYS-PLIT model, it was found that the increase in the sulfate concentration correlated with wind vectors coming from Eastern and Central Europe. Chloride levels, on the other hand, were high when wind originated from the sea and low during sand storms. In addition to sea salt, elevated levels of chloride were also attributed to waste mass burning in proximity to the site. In comparison to other neighboring MediterCorrespondence to: N. Saliba (ns30@aub.edu.lb) ranean countries, relatively higher concentrations of calcium in Beirut were good indication of calcitic crustal abundance. Considering the importance of the health and climate impacts of aerosols locally and regionally, this study constitutes a point of reference for eastern Mediterranean transport modeling studies and local regulatory and policy makers.

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Section: Pm10-25 Coarse Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass concentration and ion composition of coarse and fine particles in an urban area in Beirut: effect of calcium carbonate on the absorption of nitric and sulfuric acids and the depletion of chloride

Kouyoumdjian

Saliba

2006

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…the dataset are available in Nolte et al (2008), Arnold et al (2007), Dasgupta et al (2007), and Evans et al (2004). Briefly, size-resolved measurements of inorganic PM concentration were made with four micro-orifice cascade impactors, which operated for 23 h per sample (Evans et al, 2004).…”

Section: Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2004, 65% of assessed systems in the continental US had moderate to high eutrophic conditions (Bricker et al, 2007). Due to the different deposition velocities of gases and particles, condensation of HNO 3 and NH 3 on coarse sea salt can alter nitrogen deposition to sensitive ecosystems (Pryor and Sorensen, 2000;Evans et al, 2004). Studies that apportion nitrogen deposition to potentially controllable sources could benefit from models that accurately and efficiently calculate the chemical processing and deposition of sea salt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating emission and chemical evolution of coarse sea-salt particles in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model

et al. 2010

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Chemical processing of sea-salt particles in coastal environments significantly impacts concentrations of particle components and gas-phase species and has implications for human exposure to particulate matter and nitrogen deposition to sensitive ecosystems. Emission of sea-salt particles from the coastal surf zone is known to be elevated compared to that from the open ocean. Despite the importance of sea-salt emissions and chemical processing, the US EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model has traditionally treated coarse sea-salt particles as chemically inert and has not accounted for enhanced surf-zone emissions. In this article, updates to CMAQ are described that enhance sea-salt emissions from the coastal surf zone and allow dynamic transfer of HNO3, H2SO4, HCl, and NH3 between coarse particles and the gas phase. Predictions of updated CMAQ models and the previous release version, CMAQv4.6, are evaluated using observations from three coastal sites during the Bay Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (BRACE) in Tampa, FL in May 2002. Model updates improve predictions of NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, Na+, and Cl− concentrations at these sites with only a 8% increase in run time. In particular, the chemically interactive coarse particle mode dramatically improves predictions of nitrate concentration and size distributions as well as the fraction of total nitrate in the particle phase. Also, the surf-zone emission parameterization improves predictions of total sodium and chloride concentration. Results of a separate study indicate that the model updates reduce the mean absolute error of nitrate predictions at coastal CASTNET and SEARCH sites in the eastern US. Although the new model features improve performance relative to CMAQv4.6, some persistent differences exist between observations and predictions. Modeled sodium concentration is biased low and causes under-prediction of coarse particle nitrate. Also, CMAQ over-predicts geometric mean diameter and standard deviation of particle modes at the BRACE sites. These over-predictions may cause too rapid particle dry deposition and partially explain the low bias in sodium predictions. Despite these shortcomings, the updates to CMAQ enable more realistic simulations of chemical processes in environments where marine air mixes with urban pollution. The model updates described in this article are included in the public release of CMAQv4.7 (<a href="http://www.cmaq-model.org" target="_blank">http://www.cmaq-model.org</a>)

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“…Since light extinction by particles is size dependent, modeling regional haze and visibility impairment requires accurate estimates of particle size distributions (Ying et al 2004). Particle settling velocity, and therefore dry deposition, is also size dependent, and so accurate size-distribution predictions are needed for determining the impact of particlephase nutrients on sensitive ecosystems (Evans et al 2004;Pryor and Sorensen 2000). Furthermore, as air quality models become increasingly coupled with meteorological models (Pleim et al 2008), and online photolysis calculations become the norm , accurate particle size-distribution predictions will be needed for calculations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), photolysis rates, and radiative feedbacks of particles on meteorology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating Particle Size Distributions over California and Impact on Lung Deposition Fraction

Kelly

Avise

Cai

et al. 2011

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Reliable simulations of particle mass size distributions by regional photochemical air quality models are needed in regulatory applications because the U.S. EPA's National Ambient Air Quality Standards specify limits on the mass concentration of particles in a specific size range (i.e., aerodynamic diameter <2.5 µm). Considering the associations between adverse health effects and exposure to ultrafine particles, air quality models may need to accurately simulate particle number size distributions in addition to mass size distributions in future applications. In this study, predictions of particle number and mass size distributions by the Community Multiscale Air Quality model with the standard and an updated emission size distribution are evaluated using wintertime observations in California. Differences in modeled lung deposition fraction for simulated and observed particle number size distributions are also evaluated. Simulated mass size distributions are generally broader and shifted to larger diameters than observations, and observed differences in inorganic and carbon (elemental and organic) distributions are not captured by the model. These model limitations can be reasonably accounted for in regulatory modeling applications. Simulated number size distributions are considerably less accurate than mass size distributions and are difficult to represent in air quality models due to large sub-grid-scale concentration gradients. However, modeled number size distributions are This article has been reviewed by the staff of the California Air Resources Board and has been approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the California Air Resources Board, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.Address correspondence to James T. Kelly, Planning and Technical Support Division, Air Resources Board, California Environmental Protection Agency, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, USA. E-mail: jkelly@ucdavis.edu responsive to updates of the emission size distribution, and reasonable simulation of background number size distributions might be possible with an improved treatment of emission size distributions. Modeled lung deposition fractions for simulated number size distributions peak in the same lung region as those for number size distributions observed in the background. However, differences in modeled and observed total number concentrations generally suggest large differences in the total number of deposited particles. Future model development on simulating particle mass size distributions should focus on improving predictions of the mass fraction of particles <2.5 µm. Model development for particle number size distributions should focus on reducing differences in modeled lung deposition for modeled and observed distributions.

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Effect of sea salt and calcium carbonate interactions with nitric acid on the direct dry deposition of nitrogen to Tampa Bay, Florida

Cited by 45 publications

References 43 publications

Mass concentration and ion composition of coarse and fine particles in an urban area in Beirut: effect of calcium carbonate on the absorption of nitric and sulfuric acids and the depletion of chloride

Mass concentration and ion composition of coarse and fine particles in an urban area in Beirut: effect of calcium carbonate on the absorption of nitric and sulfuric acids and the depletion of chloride

Simulating emission and chemical evolution of coarse sea-salt particles in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model

Simulating Particle Size Distributions over California and Impact on Lung Deposition Fraction

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