Effect of seasonal exposure to pollen on nonspecific interleukin‐4, interleukin‐5, and interferon‐gamma <i>in vitro</i> release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects with pollinosis

Muñoz‐Bellido, F. J.; Monteseirín, F J; Escribano, M. M.; Delgado, J.; Velázquez, E.; Condé, J.

doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03916.x

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Initially after start of IT, the production of Th2-like cytokines decreased. This early decrease seen already after 2 weeks of treatment might either be a consequence of migration of peripheral T cells to the site of local in¯ammation owing to the allergen injections, or perhaps more likely, owing to a natural decrease in Th2-type cytokines from the last pollen season [23,24]. According to our experiences, the IL-4 and IL-5 levels were still relatively high when the IT started in the autumn.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…IL-12 is believed to be an important regulator of the Th1/Th2 balance of immune responses (reviewed in [29]). There are also indications that allergen exposure during pollen season has a nonspeci®c priming effect on the Th2-type cytokine production by PBMC in vitro [23,24]. Other studies have shown that low allergen doses lead to an immune response of Th2 type, while high doses results in a Th1-type response [30,31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in Cytokine Production In Vitro during the Early Phase of Birch‐Pollen Immunotherapy

et al. 2000

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The kinetics of the immunological mechanisms during allergen-specific immunotherapy (IT) has not been thoroughly evaluated. In this investigation we study the changes in T-cell responses during the early phase of IT. Ten patients (IT group) with birch-pollen allergy were treated with conventional IT. Blood samples were collected at regular intervals for specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E measurements and preparation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Seven allergic control patients (AC group) were included during the subsequent birch-pollen season. The PBMC were stimulated with birch-pollen extract or tetanus toxoid (TT) and mitogens. After a short decrease, probably owing to seasonal variation, the birch-pollen-specific proliferation and the interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-10 production significantly increased when reaching the maintenance dose and during the subsequent pollen season. The increase in IL-4 correlated with a temporary increased serum level of birch-pollen-specific IgE. Interestingly, also the TT-specific response was affected by IT, resulting in weaker, but in time similar, changes in proliferation and cytokine production as in the birch-pollen-specific response. We speculate that the early phase of IT might lead to systemic changes in the capacity of Th2-like cytokine production, and that the early increase in allergen-specific IgE is a consequence of enhanced IL-4 production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Cytokine Production In Vitro during the Early Phase of Birch‐Pollen Immunotherapy

et al. 2000

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“…Both in vitro allergen stimulation [18] and allergen challenge in allergic subjects result in an increase in the IL4/IFN‐γ ratio in PBMNC [19]. Munoz‐Bellido et al [1] reported similar results from polyclonally stimulated PBMNC during natural pollen exposure, while another group observed an increased release of IL‐4 but unchanged IFN‐γ production [20]. In contrast, one investigation utilizing flow cytometry to measure the numbers of IL‐4‐ and IFN‐γ‐producing CD4 + and CD8 + lymphocytes found no seasonal variation [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine production in peripheral blood cells during and outside the pollen season in birch‐allergic patients and non‐allergic controls

Wosinska‐Becler

Plewako

Håkansson

et al. 2004

Clin Experimental Allergy

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The main finding of our study was the increased percentage of GM-CSF+ monocytes in atopic subjects compared with healthy controls. In allergic patients, natural seasonal pollen exposure resulted in increased numbers of GM-CSF+ cells among both monocytes and CD4+ T cells. We have also shown that a seasonal change in Th2/Th1 cytokine ratio requires an adequate and prolonged allergen stimulation that is seen late in the pollen season.

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“…One additional study showed that the cumulative dose provocation regimen can induce a more pronounced Th2‐like immune response in asthmatic patients than the low dose provocation model (43). The effect on T cell activation of natural pollen exposure during the relevant season was studied in allergic patients, and most of these studies showed a seasonal increase of Th2 cytokines with no variation or a decrease of IFN‐ γ (44–48).…”

Section: Specific Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

T cell activation, from atopy to asthma: more a paradox than a paradigm

Biaze

Boniface

Koscher

et al. 2003

Allergy

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During the last 15 years, it was largely shown that allergic inflammation was orchestrated by activated Th2 lymphocytes, leading to IgE production and eosinophil activation. Indeed, Th2 activation was shown to be necessary to induce allergic sensitization in animal models. In humans, a Th2 skewing was shown in atopic children soon after birth. In asthma, descriptive studies showed that Th2 cells were more numerous in patients than in controls. In addition, during specific allergen stimulation, an increase of Th2 cells was described in most cases. According to this Th2 paradigm, it was proposed that early avoidance of microbial exposure could explain the increase of atopic diseases seen in the last 20 years in developed countries, as the ‘hygiene hypothesis’. Recently, it was proposed that early exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could be protective against atopic diseases. However, it is well established that exposure to LPS can induce asthma symptoms, both in animals and humans, although it induces a Th1 inflammatory response. In addition, most infections induce asthma exacerbations and Th1 responses. Recently, some studies have showed that some Th1 cells were present in asthmatic patients, which could be related to bronchial hyperreactivity. There is therefore an ‘infectious paradox’ in asthma, which contributes to show that the Th2 paradigm is insufficient to explain the whole inflammatory reaction of this disease. We propose that the Th2paradigm is relevant to atopy and inception of asthma albeit a Th1 activation would account at least in part for bronchial hyperreactivity and asthma symptoms.

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Effect of seasonal exposure to pollen on nonspecific interleukin‐4, interleukin‐5, and interferon‐gamma in vitro release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects with pollinosis

Cited by 11 publications

References 20 publications

Changes in Cytokine Production In Vitro during the Early Phase of Birch‐Pollen Immunotherapy

Changes in Cytokine Production In Vitro during the Early Phase of Birch‐Pollen Immunotherapy

Cytokine production in peripheral blood cells during and outside the pollen season in birch‐allergic patients and non‐allergic controls

T cell activation, from atopy to asthma: more a paradox than a paradigm

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