Effect of sedation on fore‐ and hindlimb lameness evaluation using body‐mounted inertial sensors

Rettig, Matthias; Leelamankong, Pitiporn; Rungsri, Porrakote; Lischer, Christoph

doi:10.1111/evj.12463

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…All parameters measured in this study can be translated to a portable IMU‐based system and several IMU‐based systems are available for objective assessment of lameness in horses . Three‐dimensional accelerometers mounted on the sternum have been described to assess ataxia after sedation with alpha2 adrenergic agonists . Sedation leads to a subjective perception of ataxia although the movement pattern after sedation is markedly different from movement patterns in horses with spinal (general proprioceptive) ataxia .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinematic discrimination of ataxia in horses is facilitated by blindfolding

Olsen

Fouché

Jordan

et al. 2017

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary Background Agreement among experienced clinicians is poor when assessing the presence and severity of ataxia, especially when signs are mild. Consequently, objective gait measurements might be beneficial for assessment of horses with neurological diseases. Objectives To assess diagnostic criteria using motion capture to measure variability in spatial gait‐characteristics and swing duration derived from ataxic and non‐ataxic horses, and to assess if variability increases with blindfolding. Study design Cross‐sectional. Methods A total of 21 horses underwent measurements in a gait laboratory and live neurological grading by multiple raters. In the gait laboratory, the horses were made to walk across a runway surrounded by a 12‐camera motion capture system with a sample frequency of 240 Hz. They were made to walk normally and with a blindfold in at least three trials each. Displacements of reflective markers on head, fetlock, hoof, fourth lumbar vertebra, tuber coxae and sacrum derived from three to four consecutive strides were processed and descriptive statistics, receiver operator characteristics (ROC) to determine the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve (AUC), and correlation between median ataxia grade and gait parameters were determined. Results For horses with a median ataxia grade ≥2, coefficient of variation for the location of maximum vertical displacement of pelvic and thoracic distal limbs generated good diagnostic yield. The hoofs of the thoracic limbs yielded an AUC of 0.81 with 64% sensitivity and 90% specificity. Blindfolding exacerbated the variation for ataxic horses compared to non‐ataxic horses with the hoof marker having an AUC of 0.89 with 82% sensitivity and 90% specificity. Main limitations The low number of consecutive strides per horse obtained with motion capture could decrease diagnostic utility. Conclusions Motion capture can objectively aid the assessment of horses with ataxia. Furthermore, blindfolding increases variation in distal pelvic limb kinematics making it a useful clinical tool.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinematic discrimination of ataxia in horses is facilitated by blindfolding

Olsen

Fouché

Jordan

et al. 2017

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…; Rettig et al . ) provide support for α 2 agonists use in lameness investigations, although the long action of effect with detomidine may prevent its use in fast‐acting nerve and synovial blocks (Clarke et al . ).…”

Section: Can This Evidence Be Applied To My Clinical Scenario?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All studies (Buchner et al 1999;Da Silva Azevedo et al 2015;Rettig et al 2016) provide support for a 2 agonists use in lameness investigations, although the long action of effect with detomidine may prevent its use in fast-acting nerve and synovial blocks (Clarke et al 2014). The use of short-acting xylazine does not appear to mask lameness, although, care must be taken in interpreting diagnostic analgesia in mild forelimb lameness after sedation.…”

Section: Da Silva Azevedo Et Al (2015)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Can I give alpha‐2 agonists for blocking and accurately assess the horse's lameness once blocked?

Cozar

2018

Equine Veterinary Education

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“…Research evaluating the effects of behaviour modifying substances on lameness evaluation is limited and has focused on the use of objective measures of lameness. While studies evaluating the use of xylazine in horses with naturally occurring forelimb lameness do not reveal consistent evidence of a decrease in lameness grade, these studies do report a decrease in lameness with individual horses . This raises the concern that, in individual cases, xylazine may confound lameness evaluation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effects of acepromazine and xylazine on subjective and objective assessments of forelimb lameness

Morgan

Ross

Levine

et al. 2020

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Background To facilitate lameness evaluation, sedatives such as xylazine and acepromazine are regularly used in the clinical setting, despite concerns that they may confound lameness assessment. Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the effect of low doses of acepromazine and xylazine on subjective and objective lameness assessment. Study design Randomised, blinded, crossover study. Methods Six horses with experimentally induced solar pain were evaluated over a 1‐hour period after treatment with intravenous xylazine (0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg), intravenous acepromazine (0.02 or 0.04 mg/kg), intravenous saline (1 mL) or local analgesia (4 mL 2% mepivacaine administered subcutaneously). Lameness was assessed objectively with inertial sensors and subjectively on a scale from 0 to 5. Lameness assessments were compared with logistic regression analysis to account for the repeated measures and cross‐over study design (P < .05). Results Xylazine (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) or acepromazine (0.02 and 0.04 mg/kg) did not result in significant differences in objective lameness assessment (vector sum) or average subjective lameness grade. Local analgesia was associated with a decrease in subjective lameness grade (OR 0.32 [0.11‐0.92], P = .03). Objective measures of lameness (vector sum) were significantly decreased 45 minutes (vector sum 41.8, P = .04) and 60 minutes (vector sum 47.3, P = .03) following local analgesia administration compared with baseline (vector sum 121.4). Main limitations Extrapolation of the experimental model of moderate lameness used in this study to broad range of clinical lameness situations should be performed carefully. Conclusions These results support the use of low doses of xylazine or acepromazine to facilitate forelimb lameness evaluation up to 1 hour in duration.

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Effect of sedation on fore‐ and hindlimb lameness evaluation using body‐mounted inertial sensors

Abstract: Low-dose sedation with xylazine may be used without the concern of potential lameness-masking effects for hindlimb lameness evaluation, but caution should be used in some horses with forelimb lameness of mild severity. The Summary is available in German - see Supporting information.

Cited by 20 publications

References 23 publications

Kinematic discrimination of ataxia in horses is facilitated by blindfolding

Kinematic discrimination of ataxia in horses is facilitated by blindfolding

Can I give alpha‐2 agonists for blocking and accurately assess the horse's lameness once blocked?

Effects of acepromazine and xylazine on subjective and objective assessments of forelimb lameness

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