Effect of Shading on Accumulation of Flavonoid Compounds in (Vitis vinifera L.) Pinot Noir Fruit and Extraction in a Model System

Abstract

Accumulation and compositional changes of flavonols, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins were measured in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir in shaded and exposed treatments. In addition, extraction of these compounds into a model wine solution was measured. The study was conducted in a commercial vineyard within a uniform zone of relatively low vigor vines. Light exclusion boxes were installed on pairs of clusters on the same shoot (shaded treatment), and a second set of clusters on an adjacent shoot were labeled as the exposed treatment. Fruit samples were harvested at the onset of ripening (véraison) and at commercial harvest. Cluster shading resulted in a substantial decrease in mg/berry accumulation of flavonols and skin proanthocyanidins and minimal differences in anthocyanins. In analyzing seed proanthocyanidins by phloroglucinolysis, shaded and exposed treatments were similar at véraison; however, by harvest, the shaded treatment had higher extension and terminal subunits (nmol/seed) as compared to the exposed treatment. For skin proanthocyanidins, shaded fruit was lower for all subunits (nmol/berry) at both véraison and harvest. Shading caused an increase in the proportion of (-)-epicatechin and a decrease in (-)-epigallocatechin at harvest in skin extension subunits. Seed proanthocyanidins in shaded fruit contained a lower proportion of (+)-catechin and a higher proportion of (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate in extension subunits and a lower proportion of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate and a higher proportion of (-)-epicatechin in terminal subunits. For anthocyanins, the shaded treatment had a proportional reduction in delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, and malvidin and a large increase in peonidin glucosides. The model extractions from the two treatments paralleled differences in the fruit with a lower concentration of flavonols, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins in the shaded treatment. The skin proanthocyanidin percent extraction was found to be approximately 17% higher in the exposed model extraction than the shaded treatment.

Effects of Shading Treatments on Pigmentation and Inflorescence Quality of Calathea crotalifera Bracts

“…Similar results were also reported in grape berry (Jeong et al, 2004), maize (Singh et al, 1999), bougainvillea (Saifuddin et al, 2010), petunia (Albert et al, 2009) and daisy (Meng et al, 2004). Cortell and Kennedy (2006) have reported the effects of shading on the accumulation of anthocyanins and flavonoids in the Vitis vinifera L. fruit. Several researchers have reviewed that the environmental stimuli like light and temperature play a key role in the regulation of anthocyanins and carotenoid synthesis pathway in the fruits and also flowers (Meng et Guo and Wang, 2010;Azuma et al, 2012).…”

“…Also, Meng et al (2004) reported that the red colouration in ray floret of Gerbera hybrid is influenced and controlled by light. The low accumulation and composition of carotenoids and anthocyanin pigments in the overlapped part is due to the shading effect on the bracts (Cortell and Kennedy, 2006;Azuma et al, 2012). …”

Accumulation Pattern of Flavonoids in Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes Grown in a Low-Latitude and High-Altitude Region

“…A few observations have mentioned that high-altitude cultivation strongly alters solar radiation, temperature and other environmental factors around grapevines (Mateus et al, 2002). A higher altitude generally corresponds to stronger sunlight (Cortell & Kennedy, 2006;Fanzone et al, 2010), lower temperature and humidity (Ojeda et al, 2002;Castellarin et al, 2007), greater temperature difference between day and night, and more extreme environmental conditions (Mateus et al, 2001), all of which are important factors affecting the production of flavonoids. Flavonoids, especially anthocyanins and flavonols, are also considered to be effective absorbers of UV-B (Zidorn et al, 2005;Cortell & Kennedy, 2006).…”

“…A higher altitude generally corresponds to stronger sunlight (Cortell & Kennedy, 2006;Fanzone et al, 2010), lower temperature and humidity (Ojeda et al, 2002;Castellarin et al, 2007), greater temperature difference between day and night, and more extreme environmental conditions (Mateus et al, 2001), all of which are important factors affecting the production of flavonoids. Flavonoids, especially anthocyanins and flavonols, are also considered to be effective absorbers of UV-B (Zidorn et al, 2005;Cortell & Kennedy, 2006). The abundant UV-B radiation in high-altitude regions could result in the accumulation of anthocyanins and flavonols in grape skins (Cortell & Kennedy, 2006;Fanzone et al, 2010), which have been demonstrated by the current study.…”

Effects of Continuous Shade Stress during Procreation Growth Stage on Isoflavone and Lignin Accumulation in Developing Soybean Seed

“…Previous report also indicated that the shaded treatment had a large increase in glucosides and flavones [8]. But it has not been reported in soybean developing seeds.…”