Effect of six sanitation treatments on leaf litter density, ascospore production of Venturia inaequalis and scab incidence in integrated and organic apple orchards

Holb, I. J.

doi:10.1007/s10658-006-9013-8

Cited by 45 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The efficiency of bicarbonate salts in controlling apple scab, as reported here and in previous studies (Schulze and Schönherr 2003;Ilhan et al 2006;), together with the Table 4 Effect of treatments on overall yield per tree, total fruit number per tree (FN), proportion of fruits < 60 mm (<60), and Class 1 yield (Class 1) of 4-and 5-year-old trees of cvs 'Pinova', 'Pirouette' and'Reinette des Capucins' in 2005 and2006 improvement of other disease-control treatments using bicarbonate salts (Horst et al 1992), suggest that this compound could be introduced in apple disease management. The fact that the compounds are ubiquitous in nature, naturally present in human food, available to the general public for non-pesticide uses and required for normal functions in human, animal, plant and environmental systems imply that this simple compound is appropriate for organic production systems.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…The impact of the disease was stronger in 2006 than in 2005 because (1) weather conditions were more favourable for scab infections in 2006 and (2) several untreated and poorly treated plots in 2005 led to heavy disease pressure during the 2006 primary infection season. Since several sanitation practices were reported to reduce the potential ascospore dose (Holb 2006), autumn leaf-shredding and early spring leaf-burying were carried out between the two growing seasons in order to limit the influence of the previous year. In addition, the risk of early scab epidemics initiated by over-wintered conidia is high in organic orchards (Holb et al 2005a) and this could explain the relatively lower effectiveness of wettable sulphur and potassium bicarbonate used alone in the primary 2006 scab season compared with 2005.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, organic apple growers under humid climate conditions have to contend with the results of using large amounts of sulphur compounds which could lead to leaf phytotoxicity, reduced fruit quality (Holb et al 2003) and undesirable effects on beneficial fauna (Kreiter et al 1998). Typically, in an organic apple orchard, 10-26 sprays are applied against apple scab in each season, depending on cultivar susceptibility, weather conditions and the amount of inoculum (Holb 2006).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A during-infection spray strategy using sulphur compounds, copper, silicon and a new formulation of potassium bicarbonate for primary scab control in organic apple production

et al. 2008

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In a field experiment conducted over two growing seasons, the effectiveness and phytotoxicity of inorganic fungicides such as sulphur, lime sulphur, copper, silicon and Armicarb (a new formulation of potassium bicarbonate) was compared with water for the control of primary apple scab infections in Belgium on high, medium and low scab-susceptible cultivars (cvs 'Pinova', 'Pirouette' and 'Reinette des Capucins', respectively). In order to drastically reduce the amount of fungicide applied in the orchard, two approaches were used: (1) a strategy involving spraying during the infection process, before fungal penetration and (2) a tunnel sprayer machine for treatment applications. Under field conditions highly favourable for disease, low rates of elemental sulphur (31.8 and 38.6 kg ha −1 year −1 in 2005 and 2006, respectively) combined with low rates of copper (2.1 kg ha −1 year −1 in both years) provided the best scab control and reduced scab severity on the fruits of cv. 'Pinova' by 97 and 98% compared with water control in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Lime sulphur was much more effective than wettable sulphur and appeared to be efficient at temperatures below 10°C, but its effectiveness against apple scab decreased if the treatments were applied 12-24 h later than in the 'during-infection' spray strategy. Armicarb used alone significantly reduced apple scab severity on the leaves and fruits of the three cultivars compared with the water control. Its effectiveness was as good as wettable sulphur applied using the same timing and dosage. Silicon reduced apple scab on fruits very slightly, but not on leaves. The amounts of wettable sulphur, lime sulphur, copper, silicon and potassium bicarbonate used in this experiment to control apple scab were not phytotoxic, did not increase fruit russet, did increase the yield of each cultivar and did not affect summer density of the beneficial Typhlodromus pyri. The potential and limitations of 'during-infection' spraying as a protection strategy against apple scab in organic farming are discussed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A during-infection spray strategy using sulphur compounds, copper, silicon and a new formulation of potassium bicarbonate for primary scab control in organic apple production

et al. 2008

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“…Removing leaf litter during the winter is a control method used for several plant diseases including apple scab because this material is the source of ascospores (Gomez et al 2007;Holb 2006 and2008;Holb et al 2006;Sutton et al 2000;Vincent et al 2004). Sutton et al (2000) showed that when apple leaf litter was completely shredded during fall or early spring, the risk of scab was reduced by 80 to 90%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in apple orchards leaf litter removal (leaf shredding) and fungal antagonist (Athelia bombacina and Microsphaeropsis ochracea) application significantly decreased of ascosporic inoculum to control apple scab (Gomez et al 2007;Holb 2006 and2008;Holb et al 2006;Sutton et al 2000;Vincent et al 2004). We have previously reported that in microplots in orchards affected by brown spot of pear, shredding or removing leaves from the orchard floor were highly effective in reducing the number of P. allii ascospores to undetectable levels, and biological control methods consisting of Trichoderma spp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Control of brown spot of pear by reducing the overwintering inoculum through sanitation

Llorente

Vilardell

et al. 2010

Eur J Plant Pathol

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Stemphylium vesicarium, the causal agent of brown spot of pear, overwinters in the leaf residues of pear and herbaceous plants of the orchard floor. Pseudothecia of the teleomorph, Pleospora allii, are formed on these residues where they produce ascospores. New methods were tested aimed at reducing this overwintering inoculum and increasing the efficacy of control of brown spot of pear. Sanitation methods were evaluated in nine trials in Girona (Spain) and Ferrara (Italy) over a 4-year period. The sanitation methods were leaf litter removal in December to February, and application of biological control agents (commercial formulates of Trichoderma spp.) to the orchard ground cover from February to May. Fungicides were also applied to the trees during the pear-growing season, scheduled according to the BSPcast model. The different methods were tested as stand-alone applications or in combination. All methods consistently reduced the disease incidence at harvest on fruit with an efficacy between 30 to 60% for leaf litter removal and more than 60% for the combination of leaf litter removal and biological control. Efficacy of sanitation alone (leaf litter removal and biological control) in reducing the brown spot level on fruit was similar in most of the trials to the efficacy obtained when fungicides were applied alone. However, integration of sanitation methods and fungicides did not improve the efficacy of disease control over the level provided by fungicides alone.

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Yield and cost–benefit analyses for apple scab sanitation practices in integrated and organic apple management systems

Antal,

Szabó,

Szarvas

et al. 2023

Plants People Planet

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Societal Impact statementReduced fungicide use lowers environmental pollution and enables safer food production. The usage of fungicides in apple orchards can be reduced through the application of sanitation practices which decrease the inoculum sources of apple scab disease on fallen leaves. This study found two non‐chemical sanitation practices, namely the collection of fallen leaves (CFL) and CFL combined with straw mulch in tree rows, were beneficial. These two practices are not only biologically and environmentally valuable, as they reduce disease levels and can replace chemical fungicides, but they are also economically efficient options for integrated and organic orchards compared to non‐sanitized ones.Summary Severe fungicide use can be reduced by applications of sanitation practices in order to reduce scab incidence, yield and fruit quality losses in apple orchards. In a 5‐year study, we aimed to investigate the effect of sanitation practices on biological and cost–benefit parameters in two sustainable apple management systems, and to find significant correlations among the parameters. We investigated the effect of five sanitation treatments (lime sulphur, leaf collection, mulching, lime sulphur + leaf collection, leaf collection + mulching) on four biological (scab incidence, fruit parameters: total yield, yield class I and II) and seven cost–benefit (three cost types, three annual revenue types, income surplus/deficit) parameters in integrated and organic apple orchards. Correlation, linear regression and principal component analyses (PCA) were performed to find correlations among biological and cost–benefit parameters. Results showed that fruit scab incidence was 3.4–8.1 times higher, while total yield was 1.4–1.8 times lower in the organic management system than in the integrated one. The treatment of leaf collection and/or leaf collection + mulching showed higher total cost (180.3 and 675.2 EUR ha−1) but lower scab incidence (5.3 and 27.3%; 4.8 and 26.7%, integrated and organic, respectively) and higher yield with greater total revenues (10,235 and 10,329 EUR ha−1; 8,136 and 8,230 EUR ha−1, integrated and organic, respectively) and income surpluses (851 and 451 EUR ha−1; 897 and 496 EUR ha−1, integrated and organic, respectively) compared to non‐sanitized control treatments in most cases. Other sanitation treatments provided fewer biological and/or no financial benefits. Results from correlation and linear regression analyses indicated strong relationships among the factors of total yield vs surplus, class I vs surplus, and fruit scab vs class II) in both management systems. Further relationships were detected among almost all parameters in the PCA. Overall, our study demonstrated that two non‐chemical sanitation treatments could not only reduce scab incidence and increase fruit yield, but could show positive cost–benefit outcomes in both management systems.

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Effect of six sanitation treatments on leaf litter density, ascospore production of Venturia inaequalis and scab incidence in integrated and organic apple orchards

Cited by 45 publications

References 31 publications

A during-infection spray strategy using sulphur compounds, copper, silicon and a new formulation of potassium bicarbonate for primary scab control in organic apple production

A during-infection spray strategy using sulphur compounds, copper, silicon and a new formulation of potassium bicarbonate for primary scab control in organic apple production

Control of brown spot of pear by reducing the overwintering inoculum through sanitation

Yield and cost–benefit analyses for apple scab sanitation practices in integrated and organic apple management systems

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