Effect of Soccer Ball Panels on Aerodynamic Characteristics and Flow in Drag Crisis

Sakamoto, Yuki; Hiratsuka, Masaki; Ito, Shinichiro

doi:10.3390/app11010296

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 23 publications

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“…This decrease in the drag coefficient due to the change in flow is called drag crisis, and it plays an important role in volleyball because the ball decelerates in flight to a speed range where the drag crisis occurs [11][12][13][14]. The fluid force characteristics of a ball vary depending on the type of ball and the panel surface [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Measurements using a wind tunnel showed that the drag coefficient, the magnitude of lateral force, and the speed range at which drag crisis occurs differs depending on the type of ball and the panel surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serve Ball Trajectory Characteristics of Different Volleyballs and Their Causes

2021

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A floater serve in volleyball is a technique of serving a non-rotating or low-rotating ball, which is difficult to return because the flight path of the ball changes irregularly. On the other hand, the randomness of the trajectory makes it difficult for the ball to fall on the target. Players are required to serve taking into account the variability of the trajectory. In previous studies using wind tunnels, it was shown that aerodynamic characteristics such as drag force and lateral force applied to the ball vary depending on the type of ball and the orientation of the panel. Therefore, in order to control the flight trajectory, it is necessary to understand the aerodynamic characteristics of each ball. Since the velocity of the ball and the fluid force applied to the ball changes during flight, it is important to measure not only the fluid force at a steady state in the wind tunnel but also the actual flight distance of the ball. In this study, to provide valuable information for precise control of floater serves, we measured the drag force applied to the ball in a wind tunnel and the flight distance of the ball using an ejection machine, and clarified the effects of the type of ball and the panel face. In the drag force measurement, the drag force on three types of balls, V200W, MVA200, and FLISTATEC, was measured in the wind speed range of 4 m/s to 30 m/s. In the ejection measurement, the ball flight distances were measured while changing the orientation of the panel using an ejection machine. Basically, the FLISTATEC, MVA200, and V200W, in that order, were more likely to increase the distance and the variability, but it was shown that the drop point could be adjusted slightly by selecting the panel face. This result was also obtained when a human player actually served the ball, indicating the tactical importance of the player consciously controlling the direction of the panel. The tactical importance of the player’s conscious control of the direction of the panel was demonstrated. We also proposed receiver positions that would be effective based on the characteristics of each ball.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serve Ball Trajectory Characteristics of Different Volleyballs and Their Causes

2021

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Comparison of collision dynamics of soccer balls with energy dissipation method

Tunçel,

Özgören,

Aritan

2024

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P:

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This study aimed to understand the collision characteristics of different soccer balls by determining energy dissipation (ED) during collisions. Soccer balls from five different brands were kicked towards a framed tempered glass. The kicks were performed with the balls inflated under three inner pressure conditions. The motion of each ball was recorded using two high-speed cameras at 6000 Hz. The contact surface area (CSA), ball indentation amount (IA), reaction forces (RF) and energetic coefficient of restitution (CoR) during contact were calculated via image processing methods. A new methodological approach was developed to determine the ED during the collision (EDDC). The accuracy of the estimated RF was validated using force plate data, and the CSA values validated the calculated IA. The EDDC were then reduced to a single value to compare with the CoR values obtained using the traditional formula. Differences between CoR and EDDC were statistically tested. One-way ANOVA tests were performed separately to compare the effect of the ball brand on the IA and EDDC for each inner pressure condition. The CoR and EDDC showed no significant difference, proving that the developed method is a valid measure of ED. At 1.0 bar inner pressure, IA and EDDC showed significant differences according to the brands. EDDC, depending on the ball quality, decreased at higher inner pressure values regardless of the brand. Consequently, the present study exhibited that ball quality becomes a critical factor in collision dynamics at high inner pressure values, considering that ball inner pressure may vary between 0.6 and 1.0 bar in official soccer matches.

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The Impact of Surface Structure Changes on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Modern Soccer Balls

Hong

2024

Korean J Sport Sci

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PURPOSE This study comprehensively examined the aerodynamic and flight characteristics of modern soccer balls, focusing on their design evolution and performance attributes. METHODS The aerodynamic characteristics of five types of World Cup balls (2006 Germany World Cup, 2010 South Africa World Cup, 2014 Brazil World Cup, 2018 Russia World Cup, 2022 Qatar World Cup) and five types of Euro tournament balls (EURO2008, EURO2012, EURO2016, EURO2020, EURO2024) were examined, along with their respective design changes. RESULTS Through detailed analysis, significant variations in aerodynamic properties among soccer balls used in various tournaments were identified. Recent advancements have resulted in faster transitions towards critical Reynolds numbers, indicating improved stability in flight trajectories. This enhancement was attributed to the augmentation of surface roughness, which plays a crucial role in enhancing aerodynamic stability and overall performance. 2D simulations simulating powerful goalkeeper kicks revealed distinct differences in flight distances among different soccer balls; the Jabulani ball used in the 2010 World Cup exhibited the longest flight distance, while that of the 2024 Euro ball was the shortest. CONCLUSIONS Variations in surface texture significantly impact aerodynamic properties, affecting flight distance, arrival time, and height. This study underscores the significant design enhancements in modern soccer balls that optimize aerodynamic stability and performance, with modifications aimed at improving flight characteristics and enriching player experience.

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Effect of Soccer Ball Panels on Aerodynamic Characteristics and Flow in Drag Crisis

Cited by 4 publications

References 23 publications

Serve Ball Trajectory Characteristics of Different Volleyballs and Their Causes

Serve Ball Trajectory Characteristics of Different Volleyballs and Their Causes

Comparison of collision dynamics of soccer balls with energy dissipation method

The Impact of Surface Structure Changes on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Modern Soccer Balls

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