Effect of Soil Compaction and Oxygen Content on Vertical and Horizontal Root Distribution

Gilman, Edward F.; Leone, Ida A.; Flower, Franklin B.

doi:10.24266/0738-2898-5.1.33

Cited by 49 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The natural condition of tree roots appears to be fairly straight for the first half meter or more from the trunk (Stout 1956;Lyford and Wilson 1964;Gilman et al 1987). There was good correlation (r = 0.85 to 0.93, depending on trunk tilt) between trunk bending moment and root CSA for field-transplanted trees (Table 5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of Tree Size, Root Pruning, and Production Method on Root Growth and Lateral Stability of Quercus virginiana

Gilman¹,

Masters²

2010

AUF

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This research aimed to evaluate impact of slicing the outer edge of container root balls, initial tree size at planting, and root ball composition on post-planting tree stability in a simulated wind storm. One-hundred twenty Cathedral Oak® live oak were planted in March 2005. Thirty field-grown trees were transplanted, and 60 trees of similar size were planted from 170 L containers. Root ball sides on 30 containers were sliced prior to planting. Thirty smaller trees from 57 L containers were planted without slicing. Trees were pulled with an electric winch, and blown with a hurricane simulator in 2007. Slicing the root ball had no impact on root growth, bending moment, or bending stress. More bending stress was required to pull field-grown trees than trees planted from containers of either size. Growing trees in containers for three years prior to landscape planting changed root morphology compared to field-grown trees, which corresponded to reduced stability. Trees planted from small containers were as stable as those from larger containers. Root cross-sectional area windward correlated the most with bending stress required to tilt trees with a winch and cable. Bending moment scaled to the 3.4 power of trunk diameter.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of Tree Size, Root Pruning, and Production Method on Root Growth and Lateral Stability of Quercus virginiana

Gilman¹,

Masters²

2010

AUF

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“…For most species, approximately 10%-12% oxygen in the soil atmosphere is needed for adequate root growth (Stolzy and Letey 1964;Tackett and Pearson 1964;Stolzy 1974;Valoras et al 1964;Gilman et al 1987;Mukhtar et al 1996), and growth may cease at 5% oxygen (Stolzy 1974). Soil carbon dioxide concentration can be damaging to roots when it reaches 0.6% (Gaertig et al 2002).…”

Section: Aerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In very compacted soils, root growth may be confined almost entirely to these pores and cracks (Taylor et al 1966;Eis 1974;Patterson 1976;Gerard et al 1982;Ehlers et al 1983;Hullugalle and Lal 1986;Wang et al 1986;Bennie 1991;van Noordwijk et al 1991). If not present, roots may undergo redirection of growth from deeper layers toward uncompacted surface soil when downward growth is restricted by high bulk density (Waddington and Baker 1965;Heilman 1981;Gilman et al 1987). The net result is the proliferation, if not concentration, of roots at a shallow depth (Gilman et al 1982;Weaver and Stipes 1988;Jim 1993a).…”

Section: Effect On Root Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Management of Tree Root Systems in Urban and Suburban Settings: A Review of Soil Influence on Root Growth

Watson¹,

Hewitt²,

Custic³

et al. 2014

AUF

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The physical, chemical, and biological constraints of urban soils often pose limitations for the growth of tree roots. An understanding of the interrelationships of soil properties is important for proper management. As a result of the interdependence of soil properties, the status of one soil factor can have an effect on all others. Preventing soil damage is most effective and preferred. Cultural practices, such as cultivation and mulching, can be effective in improving soil properties. Soil additives, such as biostimulant products, have not proven to be consistently effective through research. The management challenge is to provide an urban environment that functions like the natural environment.

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“…ἀi s co mpels de velopment o f field a nd co ntainer nursery p roduction systems that mimic this r oot morphology. R oots o n es tablished t rees o ften p roliferate close to the surface in s oil with low oxygen content typical in di sturbed urban soils (Gilman et al 1987;Watson and Kupkowski 1991). Some roots elongate from existing short roots within the root ball, from cut roots at the top edge of the root ball, or adventitiously from the flare.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Container Production Strategies Influence Root Ball Morphology

Gilman¹,

Paz²

2014

isa

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Poor anchorage and delayed establishment have been associated with root circling and ascending, descending, and kinked roots occurring in nursery containers. The main goal of this study was to find methods of producing from seed Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. with straight, non-deformed roots. In contrast to smooth-sided (SM) propagation containers (liners), roots grown in pots constructed of thin paper were straight with few deflections. Root pruning 12-month-old SM liners when shifting to 3.8 L containers dramatically reduced the imprint on the root system left by root deflections. Aggressive growth at the bottom of 3.8 L and 9.5 L smooth-sided containers appeared to inhibit growth in horizontal roots closer to the substrate surface, and resulted in a vertically oriented root system. In contrast, growing trees in 3.8 L and 9.5 L containers with exceptionally porous walls produced a more horizontal-oriented root system similar to well-anchored trees in the landscape. Vertical roots were discouraged from developing due to an elevated and porous bottom, forcing roots to grow more horizontally higher in the root ball profile. Root deflections increased with retention time in all containers.

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Effect of Soil Compaction and Oxygen Content on Vertical and Horizontal Root Distribution

Cited by 49 publications

References 9 publications

Effect of Tree Size, Root Pruning, and Production Method on Root Growth and Lateral Stability of Quercus virginiana

Effect of Tree Size, Root Pruning, and Production Method on Root Growth and Lateral Stability of Quercus virginiana

The Management of Tree Root Systems in Urban and Suburban Settings: A Review of Soil Influence on Root Growth

Container Production Strategies Influence Root Ball Morphology

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