Effect of some manufacturing variables on formaldehyde release from particleboard: Relationship between different test methods

Salem, Mohamed Z. M.; Böhm, Martin; Beránková, Jitka; Srba, Jaromír

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.04.004

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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Section: Test Methods For Formaldehyde Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wood as a natural material contains formaldehyde (Meyer and Boehme 1997;Que and Furuno 2007;Salem et al 2011b), which can be released during thermal treatment (Schäfer and Roffael 2000). Meyer and Boehme (1996) measured the FEs from oak, Douglas fir, beech, spruce, and pine, and the emission of formaldehyde ranged between 2 and 9 ppb.…”

Section: Wood As a Natural Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wiglusz et al (2002) reported that at 23 and 29 °C, the measurements did not show any emission of formaldehyde; at a temperature of 50 °C, a high initial concentration of FE was found and it decreased with time. The referenced chambers (EN 717-1 and ASTM D 6007-02) use conditions common to an indoor environment (Salem et al 2012b;Salem 2011b;Yu and Crump 1999).The C-history method for a closed chamber Yao et al 2011), multi-emission/flush regression (Xiong et al 2009), and room temperature sorption/ emission (Wang and Zhang 2009) methods were developed to rapidly measure the initial emittable formaldehyde concentration and to overcome the overestimation of formaldehyde content (FC) with the perforator method. The developed methods take less than three days, in comparison to the reference methods, which require 7 to 28 days (Salem et al 2012a;Yu and Crump 1999).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Understanding of Formaldehyde Emissions from Solid Wood: An Overview

Salem¹,

Böhm²

2013

BioResources

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Wood is known to contain and emit volatile organic compounds including formaldehyde. The emission of formaldehyde from wood increases during its processing to lumber and wood-based panels (i.e., particleboard and fiberboard). This increased emission can be attributed to the processing procedure of wood, which includes drying, pressing, and thermo-hydrolysis. Formaldehyde is emitted from wood under very high heat and is not expected to be a significant source of the emissions from composite wood products during normal service. Formaldehyde is also detectable even if wood has never been heated as well as under more or less ambient conditions. The presence of formaldehyde in the emissions from wood that does not contain adhesive resin has been explained by thermal degradation of polysaccharides in the wood. The emission levels of formaldehyde depend on factors such as wood species, moisture content, outside temperature, and time of storage. Additionally, the pyrolysis of milled wood lignin at 450 °C yields benzaldehyde, and the pyrolysis of spruce and pinewood at 450 °C generate formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 2-propenal, butanal, and butanone, which can be attributed to the breakdown of the polysaccharide fraction of the wood. Keywords INTRODUCTIONThe European Union, the USA, China, and Japan now have legislation regulating the allowed levels of formaldehyde emission (FE) from wood and wood-based products, and without doubt there will be increased focus and controls placed on products that are known to release formaldehyde (Salthammer et al. 2010). The main sources of FE from wood-based products such as medium density fiberboard (MDF), particleboard (PB), and plywood are the resins used, such as urea-formaldehyde (UF), melamine-modified urea formaldehyde (MUF), and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) (Salem et al. 2011a). Solid wood grown in normal forest conditions releases low levels of formaldehyde, particularly during the manufacturing process (Salem et al. 2012a). Furthermore, PF resins are frequently used in the manufacture of cork products. For this reason, formaldehyde and phenol are often measured together (Horn et al. 1998 Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring chemical in wood, as wood contains a diminutive, but still detectable amount of free formaldehyde. Formaldehyde can be formed from the main components of wood (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) as well as from its extractives (Schäfer and Roffael 2000) to different extents depending on the boundary conditions (pH value, temperature). On the other hand, the inorganic substances in wood do not directly contribute to formaldehyde release.The FE from solid wood increases at elevated temperatures and prolonged heating times (Schäfer and Roffael 2000), even in the absence of wood resin (Jiang et al. 2002). On the other hand, the degree of polymerization of cellulose seems to have no significant influence on the emission of formaldehyde; also, raising the temperature to 100 and 150 °C, the formaldehyde liberation from starch is also very low even at high reaction ...

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Section: Test Methods For Formaldehyde Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Wood As a Natural Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding of Formaldehyde Emissions from Solid Wood: An Overview

Salem¹,

Böhm²

2013

BioResources

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“…Residual free formaldehyde results from an insufficient curing reaction and affects also the curing rate [43]. New catalytic systems with no requirement of free formaldehyde are been studied.…”

Section: Uf Resin Curementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common catalysts are the latent (ammonium sulphate, ammonium chloride and ammonium nitrate) [41][42][43][44][45]. Latent catalysts, in the presence of water (which promotes dissociation), react with formaldehyde forming an acid, hexamine and water (equations 1.1 to 1.3).…”

Section: Uf Resin Curementioning

confidence: 99%

Adhesive systems for low formaldehyde emission wood-based panels

Costa

2014

International Wood Products Journal

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Urea impregnated multiwalled carbon nanotubes; a formaldehyde scavenger for urea formaldehyde adhesives and medium density fiberboards bonded with them

Mazaheri

Moghimi

Taheri

2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were subjected to modification by urea to use as formaldehyde scavenger in urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive and reducing the free formaldehyde emission of the medium density fiberboards (MDFs). Morphological differences besides elemental analysis was investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The effect of urea impregnated MWCNTs filler on the physical, morphological and thermal properties of the UF resin has investigated. Furthermore, characterization of the mechanical properties, free formaldehyde emission and thickness swelling were carried out for the MDF panels. From the results, the free formaldehyde of the UF resins was significantly decreased. The lowest free formaldehyde was belonged to the sample with 3 wt% of scavenger which was about 71% lower than the value for neat UF resin. Accordingly, the formaldehyde emission of the fiberboards was also showed a descending trend by incorporation of MWCNTs‐U to the composite structure. It was decreased from 9.67 to 3.89 mg/100 g dried board. These results indicated that the prepared nano modifier was successfully performed as a formaldehyde scavenger for the UF resin and could prevent the hazards of the free formaldehyde emission from MDF panels.

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Effect of some manufacturing variables on formaldehyde release from particleboard: Relationship between different test methods

Cited by 22 publications

References 11 publications

Understanding of Formaldehyde Emissions from Solid Wood: An Overview

Understanding of Formaldehyde Emissions from Solid Wood: An Overview

Adhesive systems for low formaldehyde emission wood-based panels

Urea impregnated multiwalled carbon nanotubes; a formaldehyde scavenger for urea formaldehyde adhesives and medium density fiberboards bonded with them

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