Effect of Source of Protein on Zinc Requirement of the Growing Pig

Smith, William H.; Plumlee, M. P.; Beeson, W. M.

doi:10.2527/jas1962.213399x

Cited by 52 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This study provides further evidence for the usefulness of protein reserves under certain conditions of protein stress. Smith et al (1962) made similar observations with swine. Following the 4-week feeding of such diets, the birds were placed on a proteinfree diet and their individual survival time recorded.…”

supporting

confidence: 58%

The Availability of Calcium from Mexican and Californian Sesame Meals

Cuca

Sunde

1967

Poultry Science

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supporting

confidence: 58%

The Availability of Calcium from Mexican and Californian Sesame Meals

Cuca

Sunde

1967

Poultry Science

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“…Growing pigs (up to 20 kg body weight) require approximately 100 mg Zn/kg dry matter (DM) of feed, and later approximately 80 mg Zn/kg DM of feed (Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie, ). Because the availability of Zn occurring naturally in feedstuffs may often be reduced by many factors (Smith et al., ; Pond et al., ; Poulsen and Carlson, ), supplementation of diets with Zn by way of both organic and inorganic sources has become a standard (Richards et al., ). Furthermore, supplementation of dietary zinc oxide (ZnO) at high levels (2000–3000 mg/kg) has been used as prophylactic measure against post‐weaning diarrhoea and to improve growth performance of weaning pigs (Poulsen, ; Wang et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Growing pigs (up to 20 kg body weight) require approximately 100 mg Zn/kg dry matter (DM) of feed, and later approximately 80 mg Zn/kg DM of feed (Gesellschaft f€ ur Ern€ ahrungsphysiologie, 2006). Because the availability of Zn occurring naturally in feedstuffs may often be reduced by many factors (Smith et al, 1962;Pond et al, 1985; and antidiarrhoea mode of action still remains unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of high dietary zinc oxide on the caecal and faecal short‐chain fatty acids and tissue zinc and copper concentration in pigs is reversible after withdrawal of the high zinc oxide from the diet

Janczyk

Büsing

Dobenecker

et al. 2015

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Summary Zinc oxide (ZnO) used in high (‘pharmacological’) levels to prevent diarrhoea in pigs is assumed to reduce copper (Cu) in tissues and inhibits large intestinal microbial fermentation. To test it, German Landrace pigs were weaned on d28 of age and fed diets containing either 100 (LowZinc, LZn, n = 10) or 3100 mg ZnO/kg (HighZinc, HZn, n = 10). The mixed feed (13.0 MJ ME, 18.5% crude protein) was based on wheat, barley, soya bean meal and maize. After 4 weeks, the HZn group was further fed 100 mg ZnO/kg for another 2 weeks. Caecal contents, faeces and tissues were collected after 4 weeks (n = 5 and n = 10 respectively) and 6 weeks (n = 5 and n = 5 respectively). Faeces and caecal content were analysed for dry matter (DM), pH, ammonia, lactic acid (LA) and short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) on native water basis. anova was performed to elucidate significant differences at p < 0.05. No diarrhoea occurred. After 4 weeks, the caecal contents’ pH increased (p < 0.001) and butyric (p < 0.05) and valeric acid (p < 0.01) decreased in the HZn group in comparison with LZn. In faeces, a decrease of acetic (p = 0.009), butyric (p = 0.007) and valeric acid (p = 0.046), as well as reduced acetic:propionic acid (A:P) ratio (p = 0.025) was observed in the HZn group in comparison with LZn. Faecal ammonia decreased in HZn (p = 0.018). No differences (p > 0.05) were recorded in caecal contents after 6 weeks. In faeces, acetic acid remained lower in the HZn group in comparison with LZn (p = 0.006), as did the A:P ratio (p = 0.004). Zn concentration in liver, kidneys and ribs, and Cu concentrations in kidneys increased in HZn. Withdrawal of ZnO resulted in reversibility of the changes. The effect on butyric acid should be discussed critically regarding the energetic support for the enterocytes. High Zn and Cu tissue concentrations should be considered by pet food producers.

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“…The zinc requirement of young pigs consuming a casein-glucose diet without any phytate content is low (15 mg/kg; Smith et al, 1962;Shanklin et al, 1968); however, in conventional diets, zinc requirement is higher. In piglets fed cereal-based diets without added phytase, maximal growth was reached with < 55, 47 and < 60 mg Zn/kg diet, as reported by Revy et al (2006), Bikker et al (2011 and Paulicks et al (2011) The most recent zinc requirements/allowances and recommendations for pigs are presented in Table 2.…”

Section: Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the potential reduction of the currently authorised maximum zinc content in complete feed

Högstrand¹

2014

EFS2

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A critical review of (i) the zinc requirements of food-producing and pet animals, (ii) the zinc concentration of feed materials and (iii) the calculated background zinc concentration of complete feed supports the possibility of a considerable reduction of the currently authorised maximum concentration for total zinc in feed. The FEEDAP Panel developed, based on an approximation using zinc requirements and background data, potential new maximum contents, which could replace the current ones. The newly proposed total maximum contents are: 150 mg Zn/kg complete feed for piglets, sows, rabbits, salmonids, cats and dogs; 120 mg Zn/kg complete feed for turkeys for fattening; 100 mg Zn/kg complete feed for all other species and categories. The use of phytase in feeding piglets, pigs for fattening and sows would allow a further reduction of the newly proposed total maximum contents by 30 % (from 150 to 110 mg Zn/kg feed for piglets and sows and from 100 to 70 mg Zn/kg feed for pigs for fattening). The newly proposed total maximum contents ensure health, welfare and productivity of the target species and do not affect consumer safety. The FEEDAP Panel expects that the introduction of the newly proposed total maximum contents, provided they are applied in feeding practices, would result in an overall reduction of zinc emissions from animal production of about 20 %. Zinc in Feed, including Noël A. Dierick, Jürgen Gropp, Catherine Jondreville, Marta Lopez Alonso, Anne Katrine Lundebye, Wolfgang Maret and Patrick Schlegel for the preparatory work on this scientific opinion. The Panel also wishes to thank the Authorities of EU Member States and EEA/EFTA countries, and stakeholders who provided information following a call for data on zinc in animal nutrition launched by EFSA. 4 An editorial amendment was carried out on section 6.3 that does not materially affect the contents nor outcome of this Scientific Opinion. To avoid confusion, the original version has been removed from the EFSA Journal, but is available on request, as is a version showing all the changes made. SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the potential reduction of the currently authorised maximum zinc content in complete feed (250 mg Zn/kg for pet animals, 200 mg Zn/kg for fish and milk replacer and 150 mg Zn/kg for other animal species).To improve the available information on the use of zinc in animal nutrition, EFSA launched a call for data to EU Member States and EEA/EFTA countries and to stakeholders. The data submitted were used in the current Scientific Opinion.Zinc in the form of its divalent metal ion, Zn 2+ , is nutritionally essential for all living organisms. The total amount of zinc in the human body is 2−3 g and its concentrations in tissues are about the same in all mammals. Virtually all its functions are in proteins, in which it is a catalytic, structural, or regulatory cofactor.A critical revi...

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Effect of Source of Protein on Zinc Requirement of the Growing Pig

Cited by 52 publications

References 7 publications

The Availability of Calcium from Mexican and Californian Sesame Meals

The Availability of Calcium from Mexican and Californian Sesame Meals

Effect of high dietary zinc oxide on the caecal and faecal short‐chain fatty acids and tissue zinc and copper concentration in pigs is reversible after withdrawal of the high zinc oxide from the diet

Scientific Opinion on the potential reduction of the currently authorised maximum zinc content in complete feed

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