Effect of spawning day and temperature on salmon emergence: interpretations of a growth model for Methow River chinook

Beer, W. Nicholas; Anderson, James J.

doi:10.1139/cjfas-58-5-943

Cited by 21 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…In most basins, spawning by salmonids can be successful only if it occurs at certain times, such that development and migration can occur before temperature or flow conditions become unsuitable (Montgomery and others 1996;Beer and Anderson 2001). Thus, climate, through its effects on stream temperature and flow regime, is thought to be an important selective force leading to local adaptation in salmonids (Burger and others 1985;Konecki and others 1995;Brannon and others 2004;Lytle and Poff 2004).…”

Section: Quantification Of Habitat Similaritiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Population Structure of Central Valley Steelhead and its Alteration by Dams

Lindley¹,

Schick²,

Agrawal³

et al. 2006

SFEWS

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Effective conservation and recovery planning for Central Valley steelhead requires an understanding of historical population structure. We describe the historical structure of the Central Valley steelhead evolutionarily significant unit using a multi-phase modeling approach. In the first phase, we identify stream reaches possibly suitable for steelhead spawning and rearing using a habitat model based on environmental envelopes (stream discharge, gradient, and temperature) that takes a digital elevation model and climate data as inputs. We identified 151 patches of potentially suitable habitat with more than 10 km of stream habitat, with a total of 25,500 km of suitable habitat. We then measured the distances among habitat patches, and clustered together patches within 35 km of each other into 81 distinct habitat patches. Groups of fish using these 81 patches are hypothesized to be (or to have been) independent populations for recovery planning purposes. Consideration of climate and elevation differences among the 81 habitat areas suggests that there are at least four major subdivisions within the Central Valley steelhead ESU that correspond to geographic regions defined by the Sacramento River basin, Suisun Bay area tributaries, San Joaquin tributaries draining the Sierra Nevada, and lower-elevation streams draining to the Buena Vista and Tulare basins, upstream of the San Joaquin River. Of these, it appears that the Sacramento River basin was the main source of steelhead production. Presently, impassable dams block access to 80% of historically available habitat, and block access to all historical spawning habitat for about 38% of the historical populations of steelhead.

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Section: Quantification Of Habitat Similaritiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Population Structure of Central Valley Steelhead and its Alteration by Dams

Lindley¹,

Schick²,

Agrawal³

et al. 2006

SFEWS

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“…The reach from RK 117 to 106 accounted for 42 to 73% of the annual recharge by the river in WY 2001 and 2002 [Konrad et al, 2003] [Konrad et al, 2003]. The reach from RK 99 to RK 87, in particular, had the most consistent and highest rate of groundwater seepage and is among the most important spawning and rearing habitat in the Methow River basin for endangered upper Columbia River spring-run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawtscha) [Beer and Anderson, 2001].…”

Section: Application To the Methow Rivermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anadromous salmon, in particular, prefer locations of groundwater seepage for spawning [Geist and Dauble, 1998]. The upper Methow River provides critical spawning habitat for upper Columbia River spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tswawytscha) [Beer and Anderson, 2001], a stock listed as threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act [U.S. Department of Commerce, 1999]. Spring chinook salmon enter the Columbia River in the spring and migrate upstream to spawning grounds during the summer.…”

Section: Assessing Changes In the Spatial Extent Of Groundwater Seepamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spring chinook salmon enter the Columbia River in the spring and migrate upstream to spawning grounds during the summer. They arrive in the Methow River during August with two thirds of spawning occurring during a 15-day period centered on 31 August; the eggs incubate in the riverbed and fry emerge about 4 months later [Beer and Anderson, 2001]. Groundwater seepage into the reach prevents the riverbed from drying out, transports dissolved oxygen through the river- , with three exponential recession curves with the form Q(t) = Q 0 e Àrt where Q 0 is peak streamflow, Q(t) is streamflow t days after the peak on 21 October, and r is a recession constant, and a recession curve with the form Q(t) = Q 0 (t) Àr .…”

Section: Assessing Changes In the Spatial Extent Of Groundwater Seepamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Longitudinal hydraulic analysis of river‐aquifer exchanges

Konrad

2006

Water Resources Research

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[1] A longitudinal analysis of transient flow between a river and an underlying aquifer is developed to calculate flow rates between the river and the aquifer and the location of groundwater seepage into the river as it changes over time. Two flow domains are defined in the analysis: an upstream domain of fluvial recharge, where water flows vertically from the river into the unsaturated portion of the aquifer and horizontally in saturated parts of the aquifer, and a downstream domain of groundwater seepage to the river, where groundwater flows parallel to the underlying impermeable base. The river does not necessarily penetrate completely through the aquifer. A one-dimensional, unsteady flow equation is derived from mass conservation, Darcy's law, and the geometry of the river-aquifer system to calculate the water table position and the groundwater seepage rate into the river. Models based on numerical and analytical solutions of the flow equation were applied to a reach of the Methow River in north central Washington. The calibrated models simulated groundwater seepage with a root-mean-square error less than 5% of the mean groundwater seepage rates for three low-flow evaluation periods. The analytical model provides a theoretical basis for a nonlinear exponential base flow recession generated by a draining aquifer, but not an explicit functional form for the recession. Unlike cross-sectional approaches, the longitudinal approach allows the analysis of the length and location of groundwater seepage to a river, which have important ecological implications in many rivers. In the numerical simulations, the length of the groundwater seepage varied seasonally by about 4 km and the upstream boundary of groundwater seepage was within 689 m of its location at a stream gage on 9 September 2001 and within 91 m of its location on 6 October 2002. To demonstrate its utility in ecological applications, the numerical model was used to calculate differences in length of groundwater seepage to the Methow River under an early runoff scenario and the timing of those differences with respect to life stages of chinook salmon.

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“…When incubated in the laboratory over a range of controlled temperatures, the ATU at emergence timing for these stocks ranged from 844 to 1016 (Beacham and Murray 1989). Two stocks of Methow Basin Chinook salmon which spawn in August (spring Chinook) and in October (summer Chinook salmon) had average egg masses of 218 mg and 284 mg, respectively (Beer and Anderson 2001). Initial mean weight of fall-run Chinook salmon eggs from the Campbell River was 490 mg (95% confidence limits 485-495 mg) (Heming 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Hyporheic Exchange Flows on Egg Pocket Water Temperature in Snake River Fall Chinook Salmon Spawning Areas, 2002-2003 Final Report.

Hanrahan¹,

Geist²,

Arntzen

2004

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SummaryThe development of the Snake River hydroelectric system has affected fall Chinook salmon smolts by shifting their migration timing to a period (mid-to late-summer) when downstream reservoir conditions are unfavorable for survival. Subsequent to the Snake River Chinook salmon fall-run Evolutionary Significant Unit being listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act, recovery planning has included changes in hydrosystem operations (e.g., summer flow augmentation) to improve water temperature and flow conditions during the juvenile Chinook salmon summer migration period. In light of the limited water supplies from the Dworshak reservoir for summer flow augmentation, and the associated uncertainties regarding benefits to migrating fall Chinook salmon smolts, additional approaches for improved smolt survival need to be evaluated.This report describes research conducted by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) that evaluated relationships among river discharge, hyporheic zone characteristics, and egg pocket water temperature in Snake River fall Chinook salmon spawning areas. This was a pilot-scale study to evaluate these relationships under existing operations of Hells Canyon Dam (i.e., without any prescribed manipulations of river discharge) during the 2002-2003 water year. The project was initiated in the context of examining the potential for improving juvenile Snake River fall Chinook salmon survival by modifying the discharge operations of Hells Canyon Dam. The potential for improved survival would be gained by increasing the rate at which early life history events proceed (i.e., incubation and emergence), thereby allowing smolts to migrate through downstream reservoirs during early-to mid-summer when river conditions are more favorable for survival.PNNL implemented this research project at index sites throughout 160 km of the Hells Canyon Reach (HCR) of the Snake River. The HCR extends from Hells Canyon Dam (river kilometer [rkm] 399) downstream to the upper end of Lower Granite Reservoir near rkm 240. We randomly selected 14 fall Chinook salmon spawning locations as study sites, which represents 25% of the most used spawning areas throughout the HCR. Interactions between river water and pore water within the riverbed (i.e., hyporheic zone) at each site were quantified through the use of self-contained temperature and water level data loggers suspended inside of piezometers. Surrounding the piezometer cluster at each site were 3 artificial egg pockets. In mid-November 2002, early-eyed stage fall Chinook salmon eggs were placed inside of perforated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes, along with a temperature data logger, and buried within the egg pockets. Fall Chinook salmon eggs were also incubated in the laboratory for the purpose of developing growth curves that could be used as indicators of emergence timing. The effects of discharge on vertical hydrologic exchange between the river and riverbed were inferred from measured temperature gradients between the river and riverbed, and the app...

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Effect of spawning day and temperature on salmon emergence: interpretations of a growth model for Methow River chinook

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Historical Population Structure of Central Valley Steelhead and its Alteration by Dams

Historical Population Structure of Central Valley Steelhead and its Alteration by Dams

Longitudinal hydraulic analysis of river‐aquifer exchanges

Effects of Hyporheic Exchange Flows on Egg Pocket Water Temperature in Snake River Fall Chinook Salmon Spawning Areas, 2002-2003 Final Report.

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