Effect of speed endurance training and reduced training volume on running economy and single muscle fiber adaptations in trained runners

Skovgaard, Casper; Christiansen, Danny; Christensen, Peter M.; Almquist, Nicki Winfield; Thomassen, Martin; Bangsbo, Jens

doi:10.14814/phy2.13601

Cited by 26 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Particularly, in that previous study, the stimulated muscles showed a non-pathological adaptive decrease in volume coinciding with a transformation of the muscle fiber-type towards phenotypes which are less susceptible to fatigue (i.e., fiber types 2a and 1) but tend to present smaller cross-sectional areas and thus occupy a smaller muscle volume 27 . It is worth noting that similar muscle changes have been reported in studies of high endurance training both in rats and humans 30–32 . On this basis, the strong negative correlation reported here is important for understanding the mechanisms guiding entheseal variation in response to activity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Experimental proof that multivariate patterns among muscle attachments (entheses) can reflect repetitive muscle use

Karakostis

Jeffery

Harvati

2019

Sci Rep

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Reconstructions of habitual activity in past populations and extinct human groups is a primary goal of paleoanthropological research. Muscle attachment scars (entheses) are widely considered as indicators of habitual activity and many attempts have been made to use them for this purpose. However, their interpretation remains equivocal due to methodological limitations and a paucity of empirical data supporting an interaction between systematic muscle forces and entheseal morphology. We have recently addressed the first issue with precise three-dimensional measuring protocols and rigorous multivariate analysis focusing on the patterns among different entheses rather than comparing each entheseal structure separately. In a previous study, the resulting entheseal correlations reflected synergistic muscle groups that separated individuals according to their lifelong occupational activities. Here we address the second issue by applying this methodology to existing micro-computed tomography data from rats that have undergone muscle stimulation under experimental conditions. In contrast to previous animal studies, we relied on blind analytical procedures across two research institutions and controlled for most factors of interindividual variability. Results demonstrated that the multivariate associations among different entheseal surfaces can directly reflect repetitive muscle recruitment and provide essential information on muscle use.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Experimental proof that multivariate patterns among muscle attachments (entheses) can reflect repetitive muscle use

Karakostis

Jeffery

Harvati

2019

Sci Rep

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“…; Skovgaard et al. ) and may be related to larger abundance in type I than type II muscle fibers (Howald et al. ; Thomassen et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; Skovgaard et al. ). Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of MICT without or with inclusion of repeated 30‐s sprints on adaptations in mitochondrial proteins in type I and II muscle fibers, as well as on cycling performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Inclusion of sprints in moderate intensity continuous training leads to muscle oxidative adaptations in trained individuals

et al. 2019

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This study examined adaptations in muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance induced by two work‐ and duration‐matched exercise protocols eliciting different muscle metabolic perturbations in trained individuals. Thirteen male subjects ( O 2 ‐max 53.5 ± 7.0 mL·kg −1 ·min −1 ) (means ± SD ) performed 8 weeks (three sessions/week) of training consisting of 60 min of moderate intensity continuous cycling (157 ± 20 W) either without (C) or with (C+S) inclusion of 30‐s sprints (473 ± 79 W) every 10 min. Total work performed during training was matched between groups. Muscle biopsies and arm venous blood were collected before as well as immediately and 2 h after exercise during the first and last training session. Plasma epinephrine and lactate concentrations after the first and last training session were 2–3‐fold higher in C+S than in C. After the first and last training session, muscle phosphocreatine and pH were lower (12–25 mmol·kg d.w. −1 and 0.2–0.4 units, respectively) and muscle lactate higher (48‐64 mmol·kg d.w. −1 ) in C+S than in C, whereas exercise‐induced changes in muscle PGC ‐1 α mRNA levels were similar within‐ and between‐groups. Muscle content of cytochrome c oxidase IV and citrate synthase ( CS ) increased more in C+S than in C, and content of CS in type II muscle fibers increased in C+S only (9–17%), with no difference between groups. Performance during a 45‐min time‐trial improved by 4 ± 3 and 9 ± 3% in C+S and C, respectively, whereas peak power output at exhaustion during an incremental test increased by 3 ± 3% in C+S only, with no difference between groups. In conclusion, addition of sprints in moderate intensity continuous exercise causes muscle oxidative adaptations in trained male individuals which appear to be independent of the exercise‐induced PGC ‐1 α mRNA response. Interestingly, time‐trial performance improved similarly between groups, suggesting that changes in content of mitochondrial proteins are of less importance for endurance performance in trained males.

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“…Short maximal-effort intervals have been reported to be of less strain compared to longer HIT-intervals (Valstad et al, 2018) and might serve as an intensive stimulus, sufficient for maintaining endurance performance in shorter periods of reduced training volume. For example, the addition of sprint training in periods with 25-65% reductions in training volume has shown to maintain endurance performance-determining factors in moderately trained athletes (VO 2max , muscle oxidative capacity, and capillarization; Joyner and Coyle, 2008) and improved performance at or above intensities eliciting VO 2max (Bangsbo et al, 2009;Iaia et al, 2009;Skovgaard et al, 2018). Furthermore, including 30-s sprints every 10 min in 60-min LIT-sessions during an 8-week intervention has recently shown improved performance in trained cyclists (Gunnarsson et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Including Sprints in One Weekly Low-Intensity Training Session During the Transition Period of Elite Cyclists

et al. 2020

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of including 30-s sprints in one weekly low-intensity training (LIT) session during a 3-week transition period in elite cyclists. Sixteen male elite cyclists (maximal oxygen uptake, VO 2max : 72 ± 5 ml•kg −1 •min −1) reduced their training load by ~60% for 3 weeks from the end of competitive season and performed only LIT or included 30-s sprints (SPR) in one weekly LIT-session. Performance and physiological capacities were evaluated during a prolonged (~2.5 h) test-session, including a strength test, a submaximal blood lactate profile test, an incremental test to exhaustion to determine VO 2max , 1 h continuous cycling including four maximal 30-s sprints, and a 20-min all-out test. In addition, mental recovery was evaluated using the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ARQ). The only significant between-group change during the transition period was an 8 ± 11% larger improvement in 30-s sprint performance in SPR compared to control (CON; SPR: 4 ± 5%, CON: −4 ± 5%, p = 0.01). Although not different from CON, SPR maintained 20-min all-out performance (−1 ± 5%, p = 0.37) and fractional utilization of VO 2max (1.9 ± 6.1%-points, p = 0.18) during the 20-min all-out test, whereas corresponding declines were observed in CON (−3 ± 5%, p = 0.04, and −2.5 ± 2.9%points, p = 0.02, respectively). Power output at 4 mmol•L −1 blood lactate concentration decreased similarly in SPR (−4 ± 4%, p = 0.02) and CON (−5 ± 5%, p = 0.01), while VO 2max , maximal aerobic power (W max), and total burnout score were unaffected in both groups. Including sprints in one weekly LIT-session in the transition period improves sprint performance and maintains 20-min all-out power and fractional utilization of VO 2max without compromising mental recovery. Inclusion of sprints in LIT-sessions may therefore be a plausible, time-efficient strategy during short periods of reduced training.

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Effect of speed endurance training and reduced training volume on running economy and single muscle fiber adaptations in trained runners

Cited by 26 publications

References 43 publications

Experimental proof that multivariate patterns among muscle attachments (entheses) can reflect repetitive muscle use

Experimental proof that multivariate patterns among muscle attachments (entheses) can reflect repetitive muscle use

Inclusion of sprints in moderate intensity continuous training leads to muscle oxidative adaptations in trained individuals

Effects of Including Sprints in One Weekly Low-Intensity Training Session During the Transition Period of Elite Cyclists

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