Effect of spirulina maxima on the haloperidol induced tardive dyskinesia and oxidative stress in rats

Abstract

Haloperidol is a widely used neuroleptic drug for the treatment of acute and chronic psychosis. The use of haloperidol is limited by extrapyramidal movement disorders such as Parkinsonism, akathesia, dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia (TD). Treatment with haloperidol increases oxyradicals which are implicated in TD. Spirulina is widely used as nutritional supplement rich in proteins and antioxidants. The present study is proposed to study the effect of spirulina on haloperidol induced TD and oxidative stress by studying TD, various enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants and lipid peroxidation. Haloperidol 1 mg/kg/i.p was used to induce vacuous chewing movements in rats. Spirulina maxima suspended in 1% between 80 at a dose of 45, 90 and 180 mg/kg were administered by gavage along with haloperidol from 21st day to 49th day of treatment. Spirulina supplementation at a dose of 180 mg/kg significantly improved enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants and decreased the tardive dyskinesia induced by haloperidol. In conclusion, the results of present investigation suggest that spirulina decreases haloperidol induced oxidative stress and TD by many mechanisms as it is cocktail of antioxidants. On chronic use it may inhibit haloperidol induced reduced expression of DNA thereby increases the expression of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants and protects against oxidative stress induced neurodegeneration and TD.

Haloperidol Decreases Hyperalgesia and Allodynia Induced by Chronic Constriction Injury

“…In another order of ideas, it is well known that dopaminergic antagonists, including HAL, can produce extrapyramidal symptoms such dystonia. In this study, the rats did not show any presence of involuntary muscle contraction and abnormal postures indicative of dystonia at the doses used; however, it has been reported that higher doses may cause twisting of the axial musculature, hyperflexion of the trunk related to these drugs .…”

Evaluation of protective efficacy of Spirulina platensis against collagen-induced arthritis in rats

“…In previous studies, a significant decline in serum lipid peroxidation level was also recorded in Spirulina treated rats as compared to control rats (Lu et al 2006;Hernandez et al 2001). The plasma lipid peroxidation levels also decline significantly in Spirulina treated rats as compared to control rats (Thaakur and Jyothi 2007;Mohan et al 2006).…”

Protective effects of Spirulina maxima on hyperlipidemia and oxidative-stress induced by lead acetate in the liver and kidney

“…Rather, Sm succeeded to induce an improvement in body weight and the biochemical parameters. Several reports have indicated that Sm has antihyperlipemic [17,18,46] and antioxidant [19,46,47] effects due to its higher content of some macro- and micronutrients including high quality protein, iron, gamma-linolenic fatty acid, carotenoids, vitamins B1 and B2 [48] β-carotene, α-tocopherol and phycocyanin [20]. The phycocyanin has been considered the predominant compound in the antioxidant activity of the Spirulina [21,22].…”