“…Among various techniques employed for the characterization of VRLA batteries, impedance studies are known to provide several important battery performance parameters, such as ohmic resistance, charge-transfer resistance, double-layer capacitance, etc. [25][26][27][28][29][30][31], which are seminal: (a) to derive information on optimum utilization of the batteries, (b) to identify battery failure mode, and (c) to determine the state-of-charge (SoC) 1 of the batteries. In general, an electrochemical cell comprises resistive, capacitive and inductive components.…”